Steamed American Ginseng Berry:  Ginsenoside Analyses and Anticancer Activities

Wang, Chong Zhi; Zhang, Bin; Song, Wen Xin; Wang, Anbao; Ni, Ming; Luο, Xingguang; Aung, Han H.; Xie, Jing; Tong, Robin; He, Tong Chuan; Yuan, Chun Su

doi:10.1021/jf062467k

Cited by 165 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…Instead, many efforts have been made to get ginseng with higher concentrations of effector ginsenosides toward therapeutic use. Studies with steamed ginseng showed that it has higher concentration of Rh1, Rg2, Rg3, and Rh2, and, in parallel, augments the anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell lines (Kim et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2006). Contents of ginsenosides from the fermented ginseng extract prepared by incubation of ginsenoside-β-glucosidase are also quite different from those of crude ginseng extract.…”

Section: Doimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Human Colon Cancer Cells

Park¹,

Lee²,

Ann³

et al. 2011

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

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Section: Doimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Human Colon Cancer Cells

Park¹,

Lee²,

Ann³

et al. 2011

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

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“…The ginseng berry has many unique bioactive constituents compared to the generally used ginseng root. Through various assays [13,[119][120][121][122] …”

Section: Exploring Other Bioactive Constituents In the Ginseng Berry mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the widely used ginseng root, the ginseng berry is preserved for planting and has not been used by general populations. A recent study reported that the ginseng leaf and berry have higher levels of ginsenosides than ginseng root, and their pharmacological activities have also been reported [13]. In this review, we will summarize the research on the role of dietary ginseng berries in delaying aging, as well as evidence suggesting positive biological effects to prevent age-related diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Ginsenosides possess different chemical structures due to variations in the type of sugar moiety and the number and site of attachment. Ginsenoside Re belongs to the proto panaxatriol group and is a major component in ginseng leaf and berry, occurring in much higher quantities than in root [13]. Previous studies have shown that ginsenoside Re exhibits multiple pharmacological activities via different mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro.…”

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Ginseng Berry, a Promising Anti-Aging Strategy: Recent Opinions on the Biological Effects of a Traditional Korean Ingredient

Seo¹

2016

JARB

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Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology Open Access Review Article Introduction: Ginseng and the Ginseng berryGinseng (Panax ginseng) is a popular herbal medicine that has been used in Asia for 5,000 years [1]. Ginseng is classified as fresh, white, or red ginseng, depending on the processing method. As a traditional herb, red ginseng is known as an adaptogen that restores and improves normal well-being. The use of this herbal plant has been widespread throughout the world because of its therapeutic effects. The well-known biochemical and pharmacological effects include anti-cancer [2], anti-fatigue [3], and anti-diabetic effects [4], along with promoting the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins [5]. The herb is used as a tea, an extract, or raw directly from powdered root [6]. The representative bioactive compounds are widely considered to begin senosides, which are ginseng-specific saponins [7]. Currently, more than 100 naturally occurring saponins of various types and products of enzymatic conversion have been isolated from the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, berries, and seeds of ginseng. The different parts of ginseng contain distinct ginsenoside profiles, and thus, different parts probably possess different pharmacological effects [8].Recently, many health reports have recommended an increase in fruit intake as part of a healthy dietary pattern [9,10]. These reports allow for various forms of fruit, including fresh, frozen, and dried, as well as juices, and recommend fruits such as oranges, apples, bananas, grapes, raisins, and berries. Whereas berries are known as a good source of potassium or fiber, recent studies suggest that berry fruits are a rich source of many phytochemicals that have a broad spectrum of bioactivity and a positive impact on general health. Several berry fruits, including blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, and strawberries, have recently received attention as a result of their effects in vitro and their associations with lowered risks for some chronic diseases, which were found in recent observational research [11,12]. As a perennial herb, ginseng develops flowers and fruits that bloom in its third and fourth year. Unlike the widely used ginseng root, the ginseng berry is preserved for planting and has not been used by general populations. A recent study reported that the ginseng leaf and berry have higher levels of ginsenosides than ginseng root, and their pharmacological activities have also been reported [13]. In this review, we will summarize the research on the role of dietary ginseng berries in delaying aging, as well as evidence suggesting positive biological effects to prevent age-related diseases. Ginseng Berry Bioactive Content and CompositionThe bioactive components of ginseng are triterpene glycosides or saponins, which are commonly regarded as ginsenosides. AbstractA recent effort in the development of new medications and immune modulatory agents is to search for candidates among natural products because they have relatively low toxicities in clinica...

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“…In a recent pilot study, we observed that steaming the American ginseng berry changed its chemical composition. 15) However, the anticancer effects of ginseng berry have not been systematically studied, and observed in vivo. In addition, the effects of heat treatment on the ginsenoside content of ginseng berry extract have not been determined.…”

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confidence: 99%

In Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Effects of American Ginseng Berry: Exploring Representative Compounds

Xie

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Human colorectal cancer is a common malignancy with a 2008 recorded incidence of 148810 cases with a mortality of 49960 in the United States alone. 1) Half of all patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer eventually will die from the disease; and only less than 10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer will survive more than five years after diagnosis. Although many early stage colorectal cancers are cured by surgical resection alone, most often, surgery is combined with adjuvant radio-and chemotherapy. Patients treated for advanced staged colorectal cancer with adjuvant chemotherapy showed a reduced risk of relapse.2) However, commonly used chemotherapy has the drawbacks of severe adverse effects and dose-limiting toxicity. The drug-related adverse effects not only worsen patients' quality of life, but can also lead to their refusal to continue the potentially curative chemotherapy.3,4) Therefore, the need for the identification of non-toxic chemo-adjuvant treatments from herbal medicines remains an essential goal to advance cancer therapeutics.Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER) has been used for thousands of years. 5,6) The known biochemical and pharmacological effects of ginseng are antiaging, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, and antifatique, along with promotion of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. [7][8][9] In oriental countries, Asian ginseng root can be steamed to produce red ginseng, the pharmacological effects, such as the anticancer activity, of red ginseng are stronger than that of unsteamed ginseng. 10,11) Another species in the Panax genus, American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), has gained popularity with the American public in the past decade, 7,12) however since most studies have focused on the root of Asian ginseng, there is limited data available with regard to the cancer preventive potential of American ginseng.We evaluated the cancer chemopreventive activities of American ginseng root extract on human colorectal and breast cancer. 11,13) It is believed that the bioactive constituents in American ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are distributed in many parts of the plant, including the root, leaf and berry. The different parts of the plant contain distinct ginsenoside profiles, 7,14) and because of this, they may possess different pharmacological activities. Since the root is the most commonly used part of American ginseng, the potential cancer preventive qualities of other parts, such as the berry, has yet to be explored. In a recent pilot study, we observed that steaming the American ginseng berry changed its chemical composition.15) However, the anticancer effects of ginseng berry have not been systematically studied, and observed in vivo. In addition, the effects of heat treatment on the ginsenoside content of ginseng berry extract have not been determined.The aims of this study were to compare the chemical differences between unsteamed American ginseng berry extract (AGE) and steamed American ginseng berry extract (S-AGE) and to investigate the chemopreventive effects...

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Steamed American Ginseng Berry: Ginsenoside Analyses and Anticancer Activities

Cited by 165 publications

References 36 publications

A Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Human Colon Cancer Cells

A Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Human Colon Cancer Cells

Ginseng Berry, a Promising Anti-Aging Strategy: Recent Opinions on the Biological Effects of a Traditional Korean Ingredient

In Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Effects of American Ginseng Berry: Exploring Representative Compounds

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