Stem cells part of the innate and adaptive immune systems as a therapeutic for Covid-19

Abstract

Some stem cell types not only release molecules that reduce viral replication, but also reduce the hypercytokinemia and inflammation induced by the immune system, and have been found to be part of the innate and adaptive immune systems. An important component of the stem cell’s ability to ameliorate viral diseases, especially the complications post-clearance of the pathogen, is the ability of adult stem cells to reset the innate and adaptive immune systems from an inflammatory state to a repair state. Thus, the molecules released from certain stem cell types found to be safe and efficacious, may be an important new means for therapeutic development in Covid-19, especially for late-stage inflammation and tissue damage once the virus has cleared, particularly in the aged population.

Lactobacillus for ribosome peptide editing cancer

“…Protein recombinations based on those observed in Bombyx CSPs may be one of the most critical mechanisms for multipotent/totipotent stem cells in a tissue or organism to differentiate into a specific cell type [see 1–8]. Stem cells, like CSP proteins, play a crucial role in many different physiological systems, including tissue regeneration, hemocyte phagocytosis, innate and adaptive immunity, neurogenesis, brain repair, and neuroplasticity [ 152 – 156 ]. Particularly, there is a strong connection between stems cells and the endocrine glandular system [ 157 , 158 ].…”

Stem cell therapy: a novel approach against emerging and re-emerging viral infections with special reference to SARS-CoV-2

“…Apart from sharing the same homology, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV show the same pathophysiology of disease with the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 36 , 38 ]. Stem cells underlie the category of efficacious agents against various emerging and re-emerging viral infections and ISGs, as they have the capacity to reduce inflammation, secrete cell protective substances, anti-oxidative effects, decrease cell death and improve the overall immune system [ 39 ]. COVID mediated damage to the respiratory system is the collective result of intrinsic viral pathogenicity and the response of the host immune system towards them [ 40 ].…”

Using a “systems therapeutic for physiological renormalization” approach to vaccine development. Covid-19 as an example

“…And, to induce “physiological renormalization,” as displayed by the human immune system when infected with SARS-CoV-2, an immune response by nasal vaccination will mimic the initial natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory tract mucosa, where IgA dimers, the primary form of antibody in the nasopharynx, have been observed to be times more potent than IgA monomers against the same target, 10 while IM administration will induce high levels of sera antibodies found in natural infections. Other means in addition to vaccine have been described for renormalizing immune function in the mucosa to better prevent infection, acting by reversing immune cell senescence, thereby enabling innate immunity critical to the initial response to viral infection 9 and also by reducing inflammation and autoantibody production in post-infection 10 and post-vaccination 11 autoimmune sequalae. The choice of antigen is critical too for inducing broad immunity.…”