Stimulation of follicle growth and development during estrus in Ettawa Grade does fed a flushing supplement of different polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract

Background and Aim: Flushing with the manipulation of fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, like linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the ration, is a strategy to raise the nutritional status of the female mammals to improve ovarian function and follicle development. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of flushing supplementation with different types of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in stimulating follicle growth and development during estrus in Ettawa Grade does with a low initial body condition score (BCS ≤2). Materials and Methods: Eighteen Ettawa Grade does in the second parity, with an average body weight of 32.11±2.19 kg, were divided into three groups according to the fatty acid supplemented to their ration: (i) About 2.8% lauric acid flushing (group); (ii) 2.8% linoleic acid flushing (LA group); and (iii) 2.8% a-linolenic acid flushing (ALA group). The ration was formulated to be isocaloric (total digestible nutrient = 77%) and isonitrogenous (crude protein = 15%). The experiment was conducted for 35 days; that is, 14 days for acclimatization and synchronization of the estrous cycle and 21 days for fatty acid flushing until the appearance of the next estrus. A completely randomized design was applied. Results: According to the results, none of the different fatty acids in the ration affected the nutrient intakes, BCSs, average daily gains, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations of the three groups of does. However, the BCSs (by 0.8-0.9) and the plasma cholesterol concentrations were higher after fatty acid flushing for 21 days than before the flushing period. The ALA group had the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles, whereas the LAURIC group had the highest plasma estradiol concentration during estrus. All three groups had similar plasma progesterone concentrations during estrus after fatty acid flushing. Conclusion: Flushing supplementation with 2.8% ALA from flaxseed oil gave the best results in terms of stimulating the highest number of large-sized preovulatory follicles in Ettawa Grade does.

The Importance of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Meat and Milk Production, and Their Preservative Aspects in Farm Animals: Antioxidant Action, Animal Health, and Product Quality—Invited Review

“…Series 3 prostaglandins are anti-inflammatory, whereas series 2 prostaglandins, synthesized from AA, are pro-inflammatory [ 193 ]. A recent study reported that flushing in the late gestation period with supplementation of 2.8% α-linolenic acid to Ettawa Grade does improve the immune system postpartum [ 194 ]. These in vitro and in vivo studies associated with n-3 fatty acids supplementation suggest that dietary n-3 fatty acids can improve immune status by reducing inflammatory mediators indicative of antioxidant defense in the body.…”

Quantitative Histomorphometry of Pre-ovulatory Follicles and Uterine Glands of Ongole-grade Heifer in Response to the Low Doses of PMSG Administration

“…In addition to the injection of gonadotropin at the non-superovulation doses to improve the growth and development of granulose and theca cells, another technology is available to improve the synthesis and secretions of estradiol and progesterone to start the uterine programming of embryos and fetal growth and development. The flushing technique is well known to improve the reproduction system in mammalian animals, where supplementation with 2.8% ALA from flaxseed oil gave the best results in terms of stimulating the highest number of large-sized pre-ovulatory follicles and the highest plasma estradiol concentration without sufficient improvement of follicle growth and development to reach the ovulation stage was found in does that were supplemented with lauric acid, an SFA from coconut oil (Nugroho et al, 2021). This flushing technology can be combined with a non-superovulation dose of gonadotropin prior to mating to improve the growth and development of granulosa and thecal cells to increase the synthesis and secretion capacity.…”

Reproductive Performance of Ewes, Fed Flushing Diet at Different Management Feeding Program

“…Flushing diet with high quality nutrient will give effect to hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary gland than secret Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for follicle maturation and activate Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for ovulation 15 . The more follicle ovulation, the high possibility of percentage pregnancy increasing.…”

“…Meanwhile, the flushing program given during end of gestation until partus is purposed to improve mammary development, milk production, increasing of postpartum doe immune system 14,15 and also improve kids performance 16 .…”