Stirred media mills in the mining industry: Material grindability, energy-size relationships, and operating conditions

Taylor, Lewis; Skuse, David; Blackburn, S.; Greenwood, R.

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.04.057

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…For a required grind size finer than 60 μm, stirred mills are generally used as the final grinding stage. These provide a lower energy use for fine grinding, and the higher energy density reduces the footprint of the equipment (Palaniandy et al, 2015;Taylor et al, 2020).…”

Section: Processing Of Primary Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comminution and Classification as Important Process Steps for the Circular Production of Lithium Batteries

Kwade

Möller

Müller

et al. 2023

KONA

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide the largest source of electrical energy storage today. This paper covers the use of comminution processes and, thus, crushers and mills for particle breakage and dispersing, as well as classifiers for particle separation within the process chain, from the raw material to the final lithium battery cell and its recycling at end of life. First of all, the raw materials for the active material production have to be produced either by processing primary raw materials, or by recycling the spent lithium batteries. The end-of-life battery cells have to be shredded, the materials separated and then milled in order to achieve the so-called black mass, which provides a secondary material source with very valuable components. Using these materials for the synthesis of the cathode active materials, milling has to be applied in different stages. The natural graphite, increasingly used as anode material, has to be designed in mills and classifiers for achieving targeted properties. Nanosized silicon is produced by nanomilling using stirred media mills as a primary option. Conductive additives for LIBs, like carbon black, have to be dispersed in a solvent with machines like planetary mixers, extruders or stirred media mills. In the future, mechanochemical synthesis of solid electrolytes will especially require additional application of comminution processes.

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Section: Processing Of Primary Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comminution and Classification as Important Process Steps for the Circular Production of Lithium Batteries

Kwade

Möller

Müller

et al. 2023

KONA

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“…The stress-energy model developed by Kwade [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] is a mechanistic process model that is currently fully mature, well understood, and successfully applied for different applications in industry and academia, e.g., for mining [ 41 ], battery [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], pigment [ 45 , 46 ], ceramic [ 47 ], and pharmaceutical [ 10 , 48 , 49 ] applications. The stress-energy model describes the impact of equipment and process parameters on particle size for wet stirred media milling processes according to the following equation:

where E M is the mass specific energy, SE is the stress energy of the grinding media, and SN is the total stress number.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Space and Control Strategy for the Manufacturing of Wet Media Milled Drug Nanocrystal Suspensions by Adopting Mechanistic Process Modeling

Bitterlich,

Mihorko,

Juhnke

2024

Pharmaceutics

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Wet media milling is a fully industrialized technology for the manufacturing of drug nanocrystal suspensions. This work describes the development of an advanced control strategy and an associated design space for a manufacturing process at a commercial scale. Full-scale experiments and mechanistic process modeling have been used to establish a physically reasonable control strategy of factors relevant to the quality attributes of the nanocrystal suspension. The design space has been developed based on a mature mechanistic process model of the wet media milling procedure. It presents the process–product attribute relationship between a multidimensional range of measured process parameters and a range of the product-quality attribute mean particle sizes. The control strategy allows for simple, robust, and sound scientific process control as well as the operational flexibility of the suspension batch size. This is an industrial case study of control strategy and design-space definition with the crucial contribution of mechanistic process modeling for an intended commercial manufacturing process.

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“…Additionally, for the mining industry, particle size reduction is necessary to obtain a final product with fewer pollution agents. The ideal target particle size for comminution is the liberation size, the size about which the valuable mineral can be effectively separated from the gangue by physical or chemical methods [ 87 ].…”

Section: Vo 2 In Thermochromic Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Thermochromic VO2 Nanoparticles Polymer Films Based Smart Windows Designed for Tropical Climates

et al. 2022

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Thermochromic smart windows have been extensively investigated due to two main benefits: first, the comfort for people in a room through avoiding high temperatures resulting from solar heating while taking advantage of the visible light, and second, the energy efficiency saving offered by using those systems. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is one of the most used materials in the development of thermochromic devices. The countries located in the tropics show little use of these technologies, although studies indicate that due to their characteristics of solar illumination and temperature, they could benefit greatly. To optimize and achieve maximum benefit, it is necessary to design a window that adjusts to tropical conditions and at the same time remains affordable for extensive implementation. VO2 nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrices are an option, but improvements are required by means of studying different particle sizes, dopants and polymeric matrices. The purpose of this review is to analyze what has been regarding toward the fabrication of smart windows based on VO2 embedded in polymeric matrices for tropical areas and provide a proposal for what this device must comply with to contribute to these specific climatic needs.

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Stirred media mills in the mining industry: Material grindability, energy-size relationships, and operating conditions

Cited by 42 publications

References 64 publications

Comminution and Classification as Important Process Steps for the Circular Production of Lithium Batteries

Comminution and Classification as Important Process Steps for the Circular Production of Lithium Batteries

Design Space and Control Strategy for the Manufacturing of Wet Media Milled Drug Nanocrystal Suspensions by Adopting Mechanistic Process Modeling

Toward Thermochromic VO2 Nanoparticles Polymer Films Based Smart Windows Designed for Tropical Climates

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