Stored energy control for long-term continuous operation of an electric and hydrogen hybrid energy storage system for emergency power supply and solar power fluctuation compensation

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems: Balancing Lead and Hydrogen Storage

“…One cannot have months of such forecasts in advance [4,5]. In [6], the authors try to minimize the cost and limit their study to 3 days only. Methods based on genetic algorithms, as [7], require a detailed model of the building usages and energy production which is not realistic in our case since all parts are not known in advance.…”

“…This constraint (6) ensures that the datacenter can only be provided in solar energy, as is required by our project [1]. E solar (t) values are computed using irradiance values from [15] and physical properties of our solar panels.…”

Plasma modified and tailored defective electrocatalysts for water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cells

“…Hydrogen produced from wind, sun, and tidal waves in remote areas can be transported over a long distance via specially designed pipelines or existing natural gas pipelines with high resistance against hydrogen embrittlement 7 . Although batteries can store electricity generated by photovoltaic and wind power, they are not suitable for long‐term storage and transportation because of inherent self‐discharging and environmental effects such as excessive mining and manufacturing pollution 8,9 . Hence, the development of commercial hydrogen energy production technology is of great significance in order to promote carbon energy transformation, industrial upgrading, and sustainable economic development 10 .…”

“…7 Although batteries can store electricity generated by photovoltaic and wind power, they are not suitable for long-term storage and transportation because of inherent self-discharging and environmental effects such as excessive mining and manufacturing pollution. 8,9 Hence, the development of commercial hydrogen energy production technology is of great significance in order to promote carbon energy transformation, industrial upgrading, and sustainable economic development. 10 However, since the majority of the world's hydrogen ($95%) is generated by converting fossil fuels, the current hydrogen industry is not environmentally green and in the drive to accomplish carbon neutrality, water splitting driven by renewable energy has become the forefront and hotspot of current research.…”

“…HFCs are gaining popularity as renewable energy sources in a variety of applications including transportation, grid systems, buildings, heating, manufacturing of chemicals, electronic equipment, and backup power systems to facilitate the transition to a zero-carbon economy. 11 Compared to conventional power sources, HFCs have a number of advantages including (1) renewable fuel source, (2) no adverse environmental impact during operation, (3) higher energy density of 500-1000 Wh kg À1 , (4) greater energy efficiency of 40%-60%, (5) faster recharging/refueling time of less than 5 min, (6) no visual and noise pollution, (7) long lifetime of 8000-80 000 h, (8) good versatility and compatibility, (9) constant voltage without voltage drop toward the end of the shift or in a cold environment, and (10) less space and geographical restrictions, rendering them one of the most promising green power sources in the 21st century. 12,13 In water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and fuel cells that use hydrogen to generate electricity, the energy conversion efficiency, operating cost, stability, and durability are closely related to the electrocatalysts.…”