Strain powered antennas

Domann, John P.; Carman, Greg P.

doi:10.1063/1.4975030

Cited by 104 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The strong ME coupling, if realized dynamically at radio frequencies (RF) in ME heterostructures, could enable voltage induced RF magnetic currents that radiate EM waves, and acoustically actuated nanoscale ME antennas with a new receiving and transmitting mechanism, for EM waves. This concept has recently been theoretically proposed 18 , 19 . However, despite of the moderate interaction between the surface acoustic wave and magnetization 20 – 22 , strong ME effect has only been demonstrated at kHz frequencies, or in a static or quasi-static process 23 , 24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustically actuated ultra-compact NEMS magnetoelectric antennas

et al. 2017

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State-of-the-art compact antennas rely on electromagnetic wave resonance, which leads to antenna sizes that are comparable to the electromagnetic wavelength. As a result, antennas typically have a size greater than one-tenth of the wavelength, and further miniaturization of antennas has been an open challenge for decades. Here we report on acoustically actuated nanomechanical magnetoelectric (ME) antennas with a suspended ferromagnetic/piezoelectric thin-film heterostructure. These ME antennas receive and transmit electromagnetic waves through the ME effect at their acoustic resonance frequencies. The bulk acoustic waves in ME antennas stimulate magnetization oscillations of the ferromagnetic thin film, which results in the radiation of electromagnetic waves. Vice versa, these antennas sense the magnetic fields of electromagnetic waves, giving a piezoelectric voltage output. The ME antennas (with sizes as small as one-thousandth of a wavelength) demonstrates 1–2 orders of magnitude miniaturization over state-of-the-art compact antennas without performance degradation. These ME antennas have potential implications for portable wireless communication systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustically actuated ultra-compact NEMS magnetoelectric antennas

et al. 2017

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“…Resonant impedances of acoustically driven antennas can be easily matched to driving electronics, removing the need for bulky, inefficient matching circuits. More recently, additional studies on the radiation properties of piezoelectric antennas 16 , 17 and early prototypes at both UHF 18 , 19 and VLF 20 have been demonstrated to show promise as compact antennas with efficiency advantages over ESA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This concept is further explained in Fig. 1 A, where a sinusoidal force, with period , is exerted on a piezoelectric material resulting in electric polarization with surface charge density which can be calculated using the piezoelectric constitutive equations as follows 17 : where is the piezoelectric strain constant, is the applied stress, is the stiffness at constant electric field and is the resulting strain. Equation ( 1 ) assumes an average strain throughout the entire volume of the piezoelectric material for simplicity, which provides the effective modal response in the dynamic excitation case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be shown that the ADMIRE radiation efficiency, defined as the radiated power divided by the input power, is proportional to the piezoelectric material properties and dimensions. For radiation efficiencies much less than one, the radiation efficiency can be written as 17 : where is the volume of the ADMIRE. The relative radiation efficiency for similarly sized ADMIRE and ESA can be formulated as 17 : where is the electrical conductivity of the ESA metallic material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acoustically driven electromagnetic radiating elements

Hassanien

Breen

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The low propagation loss of electromagnetic radiation below 1 MHz offers significant opportunities for low power, long range communication systems to meet growing demand for Internet of Things applications. However, the fundamental reduction in efficiency as antenna size decreases below a wavelength (30 m at 1 MHz) has made portable communication systems in the very low frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) and low frequency (30–300 kHz) ranges impractical for decades. A paradigm shift to piezoelectric antennas utilizing strain-driven currents at resonant wavelengths up to five orders of magnitude smaller than electrical antennas offers the promise for orders of magnitude efficiency improvement over the electrical state-of-the-art. This work demonstrates a lead zirconate titanate transmitter > 6000 times more efficient than a comparably sized electrical antenna and capable of bit rates up to 60 bit/s. Detailed analysis of design parameters offers a roadmap for significant future improvement in both radiation efficiency and data rate.

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“…Bayesian inference engines [22,23], image processing [24,25], ternary content addressable memory [26], restricted Boltzmann machines [27]) and sub-wavelength antennas [28][29][30] to name a few. There, the high error rate may be tolerable and the excellent energy efficiency is a welcome boon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of Magnetoelastic Switching of Nonideal Nanomagnets with Defects: A Case Study for the Viability of Straintronic Logic and Memory

et al. 2019

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Magneto-elastic (straintronic) switching of bistable magnetostrictive nanomagnets is an extremely energyefficient switching methodology for (magnetic) binary switches that has recently attracted widespread attention because of its potential application in ultra-low-power digital computing hardware. Unfortunately, this modality of switching is also error very prone at room temperature. Theoretical studies of switching error probability of magneto-elastic switches have predicted probabilities ranging from 10 -8 -10 -3 at room temperature for ideal, defect-free nanomagnets, but experiments with real nanomagnets show a much higher probability that exceeds 0.1 in some cases. To understand what causes this large difference, we have theoretically studied the effect of common defects (that occur during fabrication) on magneto-elastic switching probability in the presence of room-temperature thermal noise. Surprisingly, we found that even small defects increase the switching error probabilities by orders of magnitude. This could limit or preclude the application of magneto-elastic (straintronic) binary switches in either Boolean logic or memory, despite their excellent energy-efficiency, and restrict them to non-Boolean (e.g. neuromorphic, stochastic) computing applications. We also studied the difference between magneto-elastic switching with a stress pulse of constant amplitude and sinusoidal time-varying amplitude (e.g. due to a surface acoustic wave) and found that the latter method is more reliable and generates lower switching error probabilities in most cases, provided the time variation is reasonably slow.

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Strain powered antennas

Cited by 104 publications

References 23 publications

Acoustically actuated ultra-compact NEMS magnetoelectric antennas

Acoustically actuated ultra-compact NEMS magnetoelectric antennas

Acoustically driven electromagnetic radiating elements

Reliability of Magnetoelastic Switching of Nonideal Nanomagnets with Defects: A Case Study for the Viability of Straintronic Logic and Memory

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