Strategies to Improve the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photodynamic, Sonodynamic, and Sonophotodynamic Therapies

Abstract

Background and Objectives This work evaluated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and the association of both therapies (sonophotodynamic therapy [SPDT]), mediated by curcumin (Cur) against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Next, additional strategies for these treatments were assessed. Materials and Methods S. aureus biofilms received PDT, SDT, and SPDT, mediated by Cur (80 µM), LED light (450 nm), and 1 MHz ultrasound. The same treatments were also performed adding a strategy: Cur with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Cur with potassium iodide (KI) or a pre‐treatment with ultrasound. Cell viability was determined and biofilm architecture was evaluated under confocal microscopy. Results SPDT was more effective to inactivate the bacteria than PDT and SDT. SDS achieved the greatest viability reductions, followed by KI and ultrasound pre‐treatment. Confocal images revealed biofilm disruption and a reduced number of cells in all treatments. However, SPDT exhibited a pronounced effect and it was greater using SDS. Conclusion SPDT was more effective and additional strategies potentiated its effectiveness. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Contribution of antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy in wound healing: an in vivo effect of curcumin-nisin-based poly (L-lactic acid) nanoparticle on Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms

“…In their ex vivo study, chitosan nanoparticles indocyanine green-mediated aPSDT decreased the polymicrobial periopathogenic biofilms on surfaces of the titanium dental implants to 90.5%. The inactivation of Candida albicans biofilms using combined aPDT/aSDT in oropharyngeal candidiasis was highlighted by Alves et al [ 18 ]. Xu et al [ 37 ] reported that synergistic aPDT and aSDT improved the inhibition rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in infectious diseases compared with either the aPDT or aSDT alone.…”

“…aSDT, as a novel ultrasound-driven treatment has been found to be very effective in killing microorganisms due to its strong penetrating power through a sonochemical process [ 17 ]. Several recent reports have mentioned satisfactory results with aSDT in inhibiting microorganisms due to its non-invasive nature [ 17 , 18 , 25 ]. The main advantage of aSDT over aPDT is the increased penetration of ultrasound irradiation to the target site compared to light [ 17 ].…”

“…aPDT and aSDT are the local therapies and can reduce side effects of systemic administration of antimicrobial agents. Another advance in aPDT and aSDT is the management of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and the produced ROS by them cause broad-spectrum oxidative damage to the target cells Interestingly, aPDT and aSDT are promising strategies to which to date no resistant strain has been reported [ 18 , 25 ].…”

“…Studies also showed that Cur has significant antimicrobial effects at very low molarity following activation by light and/or ultrasound in the process of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT) [13,[15][16][17][18][19]. aPDT is a potential alternative approach, which is the photoinactivation of microorganisms and thereby kill cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by a harmless visible light-activated nontoxic photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen.…”

The promise of low-intensity ultrasound: A review on sonosensitizers and sonocatalysts by ultrasonic activation for bacterial killing

“… Sonosensitizers Purpose Mechanisms Ref. HMME Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [52] PPPC Medical Cell membrane damage [53] Fe@UCNP- HMME Medical Cell membrane damage [65] UCNP@SiO 2 -RB/HMME Medical Cell membrane damage [76] Pd @ Pt-T790 Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [29] Cur Food DNA damage a [61] Cur Medical DNA damage a [60] Cur Medical Downregulation in virulence genes [68] Cur Medical Cell membrane damage [67] Hypocrellin B Medical Cell membrane damage DNA damage a [62] Nano-emodin Medical Downregulation in virulence genes [63] Propyl gallate Food Lipid peroxidation [69] Amphotericin B Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [70] MLP18 Medical Cell membrane damage Increase in intracellular ROS Drug delivery [38] TiO 2 Medical Oxidative stress response [71] Non-woven TiO 2 Environment Lipid peroxidation …”