Strength-Training Periodization: No Effect on Swimming Performance in Well-Trained Adolescent Swimmers

Schumann, Moritz; Notbohm, Hannah L; Bäcker, Simon; Klocke, Jan; Fuhrmann, Stefan; Clephas, Christoph

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0715

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Tanaka et al [ 47 ] was the only study in this subgroup of training interventions that reported no positive effects after the training intervention, but Tanaka and colleagues were not alone in the lack of positive gains in swimming performance. Sawdon-Bea and Benson [ 45 ] and Schumann et al [ 42 ] did not find significant changes in swimming performance. Junior et al [ 48 ] found significant improvement in a separate 25 m all-out sprint but not in the 50 m front crawl performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the 27 identified articles, 10 examined specific in-water resistance training with resistance bands [ 29 – 32 ], hand paddles [ 33 ], drag suit or parachute training [ 34 , 35 ], leg kicking training [ 36 ], arms-only training [ 37 ] and training with a specialized fixed push-off point (POP) device [ 38 ]. Four studies investigated swim-like specific dry-land resistance training [ 21 , 39 – 41 ], and 11 studies focused on non-specific dry-land strength training [ 8 , 9 , 42 – 51 ]. Junior et al [ 48 ] and Girold et al [ 12 ] had two intervention groups and one control group, whereas one intervention group performed specific in-water resistance training and the other group performed non-specific dry-land strength training.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…N intervention groups, age (y) Non-specific dry-land resistance training Week tr./ tr. per week Resistance training program for EG and any changes in the CG habitual training Performance measured Other measured effects Positive effects of training intervention Findings in swim performance * Significant change from pre- to posttest ( p < 0.05) Girold et al [ 12 ] Regional to national n = 14 7 M, 7 F EG, n = 7 16.5 ± 2.5 CG, n = 7 16.5 ± 1.5 Maximal strength training 12/2 ST: 6 reps × 3, BP, pull ups, barbell draws, SQ, plyometrics CG: 45 min aerobic cycling 50 m fc SL, SR, SD, elbow flexor and extensor strength + 50 m, SD, elbow extensor strength 50 m (s) ST: Pre 29.59 ± 2.88 Post 28.50 ± 2.00* CG: Pre 31.35 ± 2.30 Post 31.15 ± 1.85 Girold et al [ 51 ] National n = 16 8 M, 8 F EG, n = 8 21.1 ± 1.4 CG, n = 8 24.2 ± 4.6 Maximal strength training 4/3 ST: 6 reps × 3 pull ups, latissimus pull down, swim-bench latissimus pull-downs 80–90% 1RM CG: swim only 50 m fc SL, SR, peak torque of arm extensors in isometric, arm extensors in concentric and arm extensors in eccentric + 50 m, SL, peak torque in concentric conditions 50 m (s) ST: Pre 26.84 ± 1.90 Post 26.30 ± 0.34* CG: Pre 28.57 ± 2.20 Post 28.43 ± 0.17 Schumann et al [ 42 ] National n = 16 10 M, 6 F EG, n = 9 14.8 ± 1.0 CG, n = 7 15.1 ± 1.1 Explosive and maximal strength training vs hypertrophic strength training 16/3 Wk 1–7: EG and CG trained 6–10 reps × 3 at 75–85% of 1RM of whole-...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Different Types of Strength Training on Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Fone

Tillaar

2022

Sports Med - Open

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Background Strength training is widely used in swimming for improvement in performance. There are several ways to embark on strength training, which to different degrees follows the principle of specificity. There are disagreements in the literature on which training methods lead to the greatest performance improvements and to what degree resistance training must be specific to swimming to transfer to swimming performance. Objective The study was undertaken to examine (1) how different approaches to strength training for competitive swimmers can improve swimming performance and (2) which form of strength training resulted in the largest improvement in swimming performance. Methods A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the following databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Studies were eligible if they met the following criteria: (1) a training intervention lasting longer than 3 weeks that investigates the effects strength training has on swimming performance, (2) involves youth or older experienced swimmers, (3) involves in-water specific resistance training, dry-land swim-like resistance training or non-specific dry-land strength training and (4) interventions with clear pre- and posttest results stated. Non-English language articles were excluded. Percent change and between-group effect size (ES) were calculated to compare the effects of different training interventions. Results A range of studies investigating different strength training methods were examined. The percent change in performance and between-group ES were calculated; 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review revealed no clear consensus on which method of strength training was the most beneficial to swimming performance. All methods had intervention groups that increased their swimming performance. Conclusions This review shows that swimming differs from other sports as it is performed in water, and this demands a specific way of training. The results show that a combined swimming and strength training regimen seemed to have a better effect on swimming performance than a swim-only approach to training. Based on the principle of specificity and gains in swimming performance, there is not a clear conclusion, as the three main methods of strength training revealed similar gains in swimming performance of 2–2.5%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Different Types of Strength Training on Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Fone

Tillaar

2022

Sports Med - Open

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“…The high demand for leg muscles during push off from the wall [ 11 , 33 ] and repeated breath holding during the underwater phase [ 32 ] may have resulted in a fatigue effect during short-course races. However, swimmers accelerate beyond free-swimming speed with the push-off after the turn and swimming performance should basically benefit from the larger resistance provided by the pool wall assuming an adequate conditioning for leg muscles [ 36 ]. Therefore, swimmers may have applied a more careful pacing strategy and more energy conserving turns due to higher number of turns available in short-course races.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming turn performance: the distinguishing factor in 1500 m world championship freestyle races?

Polach

Thiel

Kreník³

et al. 2021

BMC Res Notes

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Objective Turn sections represent the second largest part of total race time in 1500 m freestyle races and may substantially affect race results. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate individual race strategies and compare the effect of start, swim, and turn performances between short-course and long-course races. Video footages were collected from all 16 male finalists at the 2018 short and 2019 long-course World swimming championships (age 23.06 ± 2.3 years, FINA points 941 ± 42) for subsequently analysis of start, turn, and swim performance. Results The larger number of turns in short-course races resulted in significantly faster race times (p = 0.004), but slower mean turn times compared to long-course races (p < 0.001). Total race velocity closely correlated with swim and turn but not start section velocity in short- (r ≥ 0.80, p ≤ 0.017) and long-course races (r ≥ 0.83, p ≤ 0.011). Analysis of individual race strategies showed that turn performance affected race results in 6 (75%) and 3 (37.5%) of the 8 world-best 1500 m swimmers in short-course and long-course races, respectively. Medal standing was improved for 1st, 3rd, and 4th ranked short- as well as 1st and 2nd ranked long-course finalist. Coaches, athletes, and performance analysts may carefully consider the importance of turn performance additionally to free-swimming skills.

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“…Moderator variables include training principles such as intensity, frequency, type, volume and periodization and so on [15]. Of those, RT programming has assumed a special importance and are usually more effective than constant (nonvaried) RT programs [14,[16][17][18][19], even if this trend is not universal [20,21]. Linear and undulating programming are two common methods of engaging in RT [18,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of eight-week progressive resistance training on physical fitness and psychological health in adolescent males

Afonso

Sadeghi

Razi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction: Physical fitness and psychosocial health might improve through resistance training programs. However, there has been controversy regarding the efficacy of different exercise programs. To compare the effect of 8 weeks’ resistance training with linear and undulating programming on physical fitness and mental health.Methods: 29 healthy and untrained students (age: 16.06±0.83) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control (n= 6), (2) linear programmed resistance training (LPRT) (n= 12), and (3) undulating programmed resistance training (UPRT) (n= 11). After two weeks of familiarization, 1RM values were obtained. Thereafter, experimental groups attended a resistance training program of 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Both groups had a similar plan until the fourth week. Then, intensity was increased up to 70% of 1RM on a weekly basis for the LPRT group, and varied on a daily basis for the UPRT group. Upper- and lower-extremities strength and endurance, balance, speed, explosive-power, lean body mass, general mental health (GSQ) and physical self-concept (PSCQ) were measured.Results: Experimental groups produced significant improvements in physical outcomes, in comparison with controls. There were no improvements in GSQ and PSCQ. There were no statistically significant differences between the two programs.Conclusion: Both linear and undulating programs improved physical fitness of previously sedentary adolescent boys to a similar extent. For practical purposes, as long as loads are individually adjusted, the type of program may not be relevant in beginner practitioners. Furthermore, both models were ineffective in producing changes in the psychosocial variables.

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Strength-Training Periodization: No Effect on Swimming Performance in Well-Trained Adolescent Swimmers

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Different Types of Strength Training on Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Effect of Different Types of Strength Training on Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Swimming turn performance: the distinguishing factor in 1500 m world championship freestyle races?

Effects of eight-week progressive resistance training on physical fitness and psychological health in adolescent males

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