Stressors Influence on Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Colonization in Broilers

Abstract

Problem statement: Poultry industry usually exposing birds to a variety of actions and stressors includs fasting for gastrointestinal emptying before transportation and where birds are often exposed to high environmental temperature during the summer months. These environmental stressors may have influences on bird performance and susceptibility to pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis by altering the intestinal micrbiota and changes in the gut integrity. Approach: This research was conducted to show that acute stressors in the poultry production can induce changes in the normal intestinal microbiota and epithelium structure and execratory functions, which may cause an increase in the opportunities of attachment of Salmonella enteritidis. Results: Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 24 h feed withdrawal with 24 h exposure to high temperature (30°C) on intestinal characteristics of broilers. Attachment of Salmonella enteritidis to ileal tissue was determined using an in vitro ileal loop assay. Changes in commensally intestinal microbial populations were determined using gel electrophoresis and alterations in ileal morphology were determined histologically. The results showed that attachment of Salmonella enteritidis to ileal tissues increased by 1.5 logs (9.05 log 10 Vs 7.59 log 10 Salmonella enteritidis/g of ileal tissue; p = 0.0006) in broilers fasted for 24 h also, ileal tissues from birds subjected to 30°C for 24 h had increased the attachment of Salmonella enteritidis (8.77 log 10 Vs 8.50 log 10 Salmonella enteritidis/g of ileum; p = 0.01) compared with birds held at 23°C. Exposure to 30°C for 24 h also altered the microbial structure in the ileum and cecum. Where subjecting birds to 30°C for 24 h reduced the crypt depth (6.0 Vs 7.8 µm, respectively; p = 0.002), but it had no effect on villus height or villus: Crypt ratio. Conclusion: The findings of the experiment explained the mechanisms by which stressors alters the normal intestinal characterization and induces susceptibility to enteric infection. Future work should focus on the use of prophylactic measures to reduce the stress conditions causing alteration of the intestinal microbiota and changes in gut integrity like considering the probiotic organisms the offer a promising solution for reducing pathogen colonization when fed orally.

Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Commercial Layer Hens with Salpingitis

“…Spread of bacteria into the body cavity through the compromised oviduct wall leads to concurrent peritonitis, which is termed salpingoperitonitis (Saif et al, 2003). Environmental stress has been shown to be a factor that may induce colonization of food animals by enteric pathogens, facilitate horizontal transmission of pathogens between animals, increase pathogen shedding (Soliman et al, 2009). Salpingitis a complex condition of chickens associated with various bacterial agents including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Gallibacterium anatis, Staphylococcus spp., Mannheimia haemolytica, Streptococcus bovis and occasionally Salmonella spp.…”

Ultrastructural Changes in the Ileum of White BALB/C Mice Experimentally Infected with Salmonella hadar

“…Both Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes (SEM and TEM) have been used widely in the study of intestinal colonization by Salmonellae (Soliman et al, 2009;Ohl and Miller, 2001). The ultrastructural study had been done previously (YashRoy, 2007), by other researchers they explained the invasion mechanisms of a human isolate Salmonella in the chicken ileum, in addition they showed that over 70% of Salmonellae interacting with ileal epithelial cells developed numerous surface blebs of periplasmic extensions designated periplasmic organelles.…”

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: Insights into physiology and gut health

“…Desirable bacteria can also compete with pathogens for nutrients, and produce microbiostatic and microbicidal substances, such as organic acids and bacteriocins ( Pan and Yu, 2014 ; Clavijo and Flórez, 2018 ). However, aberrant microbiotas of chickens subjected to HS have been related to an increased susceptibility to intestinal colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis ( Burkholder et al, 2008 ; Soliman et al, 2009 ). Tsiouris et al (2018) also demonstrated that HS can promote the expansion of Clostridium perfringens in the chicken intestine, becoming a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis outbreak in flocks reared under hot conditions.…”

“…Altered GI epithelium morphology (microarchitecture) and enterocyte lifecycle -Digestive and absorptive dysfunctions → ↓ performance Lambert (2009), Song et al (2014), Vaure and Liu (2014), Wang et al (2015), Wideman (2016), Dokladny et al (2016), Alhenaky et al (2017), Awad et al (2017), France and Turner (2017), Ma et al (2018), Wassenaar and Zimmermann (2018) Frontiers in Physiology frontiersin.org…”