“…Various methods for the synthesis of α-Bi 2 O 3 and β-Bi 2 O 3 have been reported in literature. These include direct precipitation [13][14][15][16][17], solution combustion [5,6,18,19], sol-gel synthesis [20][21][22][23], solvothermal calcination [8], chemical vapour decomposition [24,25], physical vapour deposition [26], microbial synthesis [27], flame spray pyrolysis [28], sonochemical synthesis [29][30][31], thermal synthesis [12], magnetron sputtering deposition [32], electrochemical synthesis [10,33] and solution microwave synthesis [34,35]. Most of these methods use strong acids and intensive processing conditions, making Aamir Bashir and Sriraj S. Mestry have contributed equally to this study.…”