Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid

Albert, Réka; Albert, István; Nakarado, Gary L.

doi:10.1103/physreve.69.025103

Cited by 1,195 publications

(911 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Furthermore, the research [80] suggested that the degree distribution of the power grid seemed to be scale-free following a power law distribution function, although not all of the subsequent works have agreed on this [33]. In this respect, some other works have also found that there are exponential cumulative degree functions, for instance in the Californian power grid [73] and in the whole U.S. power grid [105]. This notwithstanding, on the other hand, reference [106] has shown that the topologies of the North American eastern and western electric grids can be analyzed based on the Barabasi-Albert network model, with good agreement with the values of power system reliability indices previously obtained from standard power engineering methods.…”

Section: Power Grids: Is There a Dominant Topology?mentioning

confidence: 93%

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Optimizing the Structure of Distribution Smart Grids with Renewable Generation against Abnormal Conditions: A Complex Networks Approach with Evolutionary Algorithms

et al. 2017

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Abstract:In this work, we describe an approach that allows for optimizing the structure of a smart grid (SG) with renewable energy (RE) generation against abnormal conditions (imbalances between generation and consumption, overloads or failures arising from the inherent SG complexity) by combining the complex network (CN) and evolutionary algorithm (EA) concepts. We propose a novel objective function (to be minimized) that combines cost elements, related to the number of electric cables, and several metrics that quantify properties that are beneficial for SGs (energy exchange at the local scale and high robustness and resilience). The optimized SG structure is obtained by applying an EA in which the chromosome that encodes each potential network (or individual) is the upper triangular matrix of its adjacency matrix. This allows for fully tailoring the crossover and mutation operators. We also propose a domain-specific initial population that includes both small-world and random networks, helping the EA converge quickly. The experimental work points out that the proposed method works well and generates the optimum, synthetic, small-world structure that leads to beneficial properties such as improving both the local energy exchange and the robustness. The optimum structure fulfills a balance between moderate cost and robustness against abnormal conditions. Our approach should be considered as an analysis, planning and decision-making tool to gain insight into smart grid structures so that the low level detailed design is carried out by using electrical engineering techniques.

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Section: Power Grids: Is There a Dominant Topology?mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The review [33] points out that many works [46,86,89,90,105,106,[108][109][110][111][112] have in common that each power grid has been represented using the simplest graph model: undirected and unweighted. This is because these approaches do not include any characterization of the link weights.…”

Section: Unweighted and Weighted Graphs: Which Is The Best?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Structure of Distribution Smart Grids with Renewable Generation against Abnormal Conditions: A Complex Networks Approach with Evolutionary Algorithms

et al. 2017

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“…In 2003, the largest power outage took place in North America, which just resulted from a broken-down power plant in Ohio [1]. Traffic paralysis of south China caused by storm in 2008 and Internet congestions [2] are typical examples of cascading failures as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Load Capacity Model with a Tunable Proportion of Load Redistribution against Cascading Failures

Zhang

Song

Xia

et al. 2018

Security and Communication Networks

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Defence against cascading failures is of great theoretical and practical significance. A novel load capacity model with a tunable proportion is proposed. We take degree and clustering coefficient into account to redistribute the loads of broken nodes. The redistribution is local, where the loads of broken nodes are allocated to their nearest neighbours. Our model has been applied on artificial networks as well as two real networks. Simulation results show that networks get more vulnerable and sensitive to intentional attacks along with the decrease of average degree. In addition, the critical threshold from collapse to intact states is affected by the tunable parameter. We can adjust the tunable parameter to get the optimal critical threshold and make the systems more robust against cascading failures.

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“…many different types of networks have been studied: transportation networks like the railways or airlines networks [1], chemical reaction networks in a cell [2], power grids etc. [3]. A good review of the general theory may be found in [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Many-Agent Limit of the Extreme Introvert-Extrovert Model

Dhar

Bassler

Zia

2017

Econophysics and Sociophysics: Recent Progress and Future Directions

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We consider a toy model of interacting extrovert and introvert agents introduced earlier by Liu et al [Europhys. Lett. 100 (2012) 66007]. The number of extroverts, and introverts is N each. At each time step, we select an agent at random, and allow her to modify her state. If an extrovert is selected, she adds a link at random to an unconnected introvert. If an introvert is selected, she removes one of her links. The set of N 2 links evolves in time, and may be considered as a set of Ising spins on an N × N square-grid with single-spin-flip dynamics. This dynamics satisfies detailed balance condition, and the probability of different spin configurations in the steady state can be determined exactly. The effective hamiltonian has long-range multi-spin couplings that depend on the row and column sums of spins. If the relative bias of choosing an extrovert over an introvert is varied, this system undergoes a phase transition from a state with very few links to one in which most links are occupied. We show that the behavior of the system can be determined exactly in the limit of large N. The behavior of large fluctuations in the total numer of links near the phase transition is determined. We also discuss two variations, called egalitarian and elitist agents, when the agents preferentially add or delete links to their least/ most-connected neighbor. These shows interesting cooperative behavior.

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Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid

Cited by 1,195 publications

References 13 publications

Optimizing the Structure of Distribution Smart Grids with Renewable Generation against Abnormal Conditions: A Complex Networks Approach with Evolutionary Algorithms

Optimizing the Structure of Distribution Smart Grids with Renewable Generation against Abnormal Conditions: A Complex Networks Approach with Evolutionary Algorithms

A Novel Load Capacity Model with a Tunable Proportion of Load Redistribution against Cascading Failures

The Many-Agent Limit of the Extreme Introvert-Extrovert Model

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