Studies of Bacillus subtilis NAP1 to degrade BOD, COD, TSS, and pH: The indigenous bacteria in Indonesia batik wastewater

Abstract

Batik is an industry that is quite popular in Indonesia. Batik has been declared as one of Indonesia’s cultural heritage and is recognized by UNESCO. Batik production is recorded to always increase every year. Unfortunately, the batik industry in Indonesia is dominated by many small industries with limited fund management. This makes the environmental aspects and waste disposal neglected. Through this research, study and isolation were carried out to explore the potential of indigenous bacterial isolates that can biodegrade dyes in batik along with other physical parameters of waste. A sample that contained wastewater and sediment from batik industry are collected and cultured in 1000 ml Busnall Hass medium which olive oil-enriched and put at the shaker condition at 150 rpm until 6 days at 30°C. Identification of the isolates examined for their morphological, physiological and biochemistry test. Bacillus subtilis is one of the indigenous isolates from this research. This study aimed to determine the ability of B. subtilis to reduce BOD, COD, TSS, and pH in batik waste and present the results of the DNA analysis of B. subtilis. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the molecular identification of bacteria through analysis of the 16S rDNA gene fragment sequence, the bacteria that play a role in the degradation of dyes is Bacillus subtilis strain NAP1 with an average similarity level of 93%. B. subtilis NAP1. B. subtilis NAP1 isolate offers the potential for future bioremediation of batik wastewater.

effectiveness of indigenous local microorganisms in degrading hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in Batik liquid waste

“…14 , Lactobacillus delbrueckii 18 , Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pantoea sp. 23 , Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, serta Alcaligenes 21 , and Bacillus subtilis NAP1 15 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The microorganisms other than bacteria were also found, such as the consortium Sargassum sp.…”

“…Batik liquid waste is taken before processing, after processing, and after being discharged into the waters (discharged into the environment) have varying levels of chromium, and all three still exceed the threshold for the quality standard of textile industry wastewater. This is evidenced by the results of measurements of chromium levels in several batik industries in Indonesia such as the batik industry in Solo before processing has an average chromium content of 16.6747 mg/L, after processing the concentration becomes 10.1181 mg/L, and after being disposed of in The river water flow which is 2 km from the factory has a concentration of 7.6277 mg/L 6 , while the batik industry in Solo specifically, such as in Laweyan, which before processing has a chromium content of 74.298 mg/L 20 , batik industry wastewater in Kauman Tulungagung before processing has a chromium content of 2.3 mg/L 15 , batik liquid waste in Lampung before processing had a chromium content of 4.6 mg/L 27 , batik liquid waste in Sokaraja, Banyumas before processing was 1.1 mg/L 5 and Pekalongan batik wastewater before processing 0.645 mg/L 24 , so that the levels of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contained in batik wastewater have levels that exceed the standard limits for waste quality provisions in industrial activities and the Long-term, this water pollution can damage the ecosystem of aquatic bodies, because the presence of B3 waste in the environment can cause toxicity such as damage to aquatic ecosystems, death of aquatic organisms, to toxicity to the human body such as mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic 28 . Trivalent chromium causes respiratory and nervous system disorders, and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) can be carcinogenic and is categorized as the most toxic heavy metal according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR) 7 .…”

“…Microorganisms in batik wastewater are very diverse and can be obtained through certain stages such as sample dilution, isolation, identification of microorganisms by gram staining and biochemical tests, pure culture (multiplication of indigenous microorganisms), and measurement of reducing activity by isolates 15 . Some of the bacteria found in batik wastewater are Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Geobacillus sp.…”

“…5 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae 23 , dan Pleoratus ostreatus 29 . Some of the microorganisms that can reduce the heavy metal hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) are Bacillus sp., Geobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 , Alcaligenese 30 , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea sp., and Pseudomonas putida 23 , Bacillus subtilis NAP1 15 , also Aspergillus sp 5 . Microorganisms that reduce BOD and COD levels are Pleoratus ostreatus, and the decolorization of synthetic dyes is Lactobacillus delbrueckii.…”

“…The bioremediation method is assisted by microorganisms capable of reducing batik wastewater, especially heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)). Microorganisms that can effectively reduce chromium in batik wastewater include Bacillus sp 14 Bacillus subtilis NAP1 15 , Pseudomonas sp. 8,16,17 , Geobacillus sp.…”