Studies of Cancer death rates at Different Ages in England and Wales in 1921 to 1950: Uterus, Breast and Lung

Stocks, Percy

doi:10.1038/bjc.1953.28

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…MacMahon et al (1970), on the basis of results from the International Collaborative Study, showed that the previously observed inverse relationship between breast cancer risk and increasing parity (Lane-Claypon, 1926; Logan, 1953;Stocks, 1953Stocks, , 1957Shapiro et al, 1968) can be attributed to the association of high parity with early age at first birth. In the International Study, no additional protective effect of increasing parity was reported when effect of age at first birth was controlled.…”

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confidence: 99%

Parity and breast cancer risk: Possible effect on age at diagnosis

Pathak

Speizer

Willett

et al. 1986

Intl Journal of Cancer

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We examined the effect of parity on breast cancer risk on the basis of information from 107,146 married female nurses followed prospectively between 1976-1980. For everparous women, a significant protective effect against breast cancer was observed with increasing parity (chi 12 for trend = 14.2, p less than 0.001). Adjustment for age at first birth and other potential confounders by multiple logistic regression did not materially affect this trend. After controlling for these risk factors, the overall relative risk of breast cancer for women with four or more pregnancies lasting 6 months or longer was 0.68 (95% confidence limits 0.51-0.90) compared with women with only one pregnancy. When nulliparous and everparous women were compared, an interaction of age and everparous status in 1976 was observed. The logistic regression coefficient for the interaction was 0.3419 (95% confidence limits 0.0374-0.6464). Specifically, for women of parity 2 relative to nulliparous, the relative risk of breast cancer and the 95% confidence intervals were 1.85 (1.09, 3.14), 1.32 (0.92, 1.89), and 0.93 (0.62, 1.41) for 30-39, 40-49 and 50-55-year-old women, respectively. This points to the need of presenting age-specific, rather than age-adjusted, relative risks in future studies of breast cancer and parity.

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confidence: 99%

Parity and breast cancer risk: Possible effect on age at diagnosis

Pathak

Speizer

Willett

et al. 1986

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…In a previous paper (Stocks, 1953) it was calculated from the statistical association between cervix cancer incidence and family size that the progressive fall in the birth rate during the first few decades of this century should have diminished the death rates in the course of the last 20 years by about 8 per cent, whereas actually a greater fall than that seems to have occurred. Although the reasons for the connection with number of confinements would appear to be more indirect than direct, the factors now thought to be directly operative-were also so changing during the period as to lead to an expectation of declining risk of cervix cancer in later life, and the general conclusions from the 1953 study need little modification.…”

Section: Industrial and Social Conditions In Large Townsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer of the Uterine Cervix and Social Conditions

Stocks¹

1955

Br J Cancer

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“…Cancer is thought to be a multistage process, where cells lose their normal growth control through a number of successive stages [Hansen and Cavenee, 1987;Weinstein, 1988;Weinberg, 19891. The concept of a multistage process arose mainly from epidemiological analyses of age-dependence and latency periods in the onset of cancer [Stocks 1950[Stocks , 1953Armitage and Doll 1954, 19571. The early observations of malignant growth in in vitro systems led Boveri [ 19291 to propose that permanent changes underly malignant growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of chemical, biochemical, and genetic markers in cancer epidemiology and risk assessment

Hemminki

1992

American J Industrial Med

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New molecular methods have been developed to be used in assessing exposure to and effects of genotoxic and carcinogenic compounds. DNA and protein adducts are measures or surrogates of target dose. Molecular methods are available to probe mutations in oncogenes, antioncogenes, and other specific genes. Furthermore, concentrations of oncoproteins can be determined in biological fluids. If a close link is established between these markers and risk of cancer, they can be used as independent endpoints in the prevention of cancer.

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Studies of Cancer death rates at Different Ages in England and Wales in 1921 to 1950: Uterus, Breast and Lung

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Parity and breast cancer risk: Possible effect on age at diagnosis

Parity and breast cancer risk: Possible effect on age at diagnosis

Cancer of the Uterine Cervix and Social Conditions

Use of chemical, biochemical, and genetic markers in cancer epidemiology and risk assessment

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