Studies on antioxidative and immunostimulating fucogalactan of the edible mushroom Macrolepiota dolichaula

Mushroom Polysaccharides: Chemistry and Antiobesity, Antidiabetes, Anticancer, and Antibiotic Properties in Cells, Rodents, and Humans

“…The vast literature (more than 1600 citations in the PubMed) on the isolation, structural elucidation, and bioactivities of mushroom polysaccharides includes reports on the following additional mushroom cultivars: Agaricus blazei [ 35 ], Agaricus brasiliensis [ 36 ], Amanita ponderosa [ 37 ], oyster mushroom [ 38 ], Auricularia polytricha [ 39 ], Boletus edulis [ 40 ], Cookeina tricholoma [ 41 ], Cordyceps militaris [ 42 ], Entoloma lividoalbum [ 43 ], Gleoestereum incarnatum [ 44 ], Ganoderma lucidum [ 45 ], Grifola frondosa [ 46 , 47 ], Hohenbuehelia serotina [ 48 ], Hypsizygus marmoreus [ 49 ], Iliodiction cibarium [ 50 , 51 ], Lactarius deliciosus [ 52 ], Lentinus edodes [ 31 , 53 ], Macrolepiota dolichaula [ 54 ], Phellinus igniarius [ 55 ], Phellinus linteus [ 56 ], Phellinus pini [ 57 ], Pholiota adiposa [ 58 ], Pholiota nameko [ 59 ], Pleurotus eryngii [ 60 ], Pleurotus ostreatus [ 55 , 61 ], Termitomyces heimii [ 62 ], Tricholoma matsutake [ 63 , 64 , 65 ], Tricholoma mongolicum [ 66 ]. A journal reviewer noted that it is, however, important to determine if the isolated polysaccharides contain polyphenolic or other bioactive compounds that might affect their activities.…”

“…Antioxidative activities of polysaccharides in vivo are usually accompanied by increased activities in liver oxidative enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and increased glutathione and malondialdehyde levels [ 73 , 74 ]. The following selected studies show that antioxidative and concurrent immunostimulating properties of mushroom polysaccharides contribute to their bioactivities: (a) Antioxidative and immunostimulating properties of a polysaccharide isolated from Cordiceps militaris mushrooms seem to be responsible for the suppression of in vivo growth of melanoma in an mouse model [ 75 , 76 ]; (b) Antioxidative properties of a crude polysaccharide from Inonotus oblique mushrooms, widely used as a folk medicine in Russia, seem to contribute to the medicinal and nutritional properties of this mushroom [ 77 ]; (c) A polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mushrooms had strong in vitro antioxidant activity and protected mice against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride [ 78 ]; (d) A fucogalactan isolated from the edible mushroom Macrolepiota dolichaula exhibited antioxidant and immunostimulating (macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation) properties in vitro [ 54 ], (similar results were observes with a β-glucan isolated from the edible mushroom Russula albonigra ) [ 79 ]; (e) A purified polysaccharide from Pleurotus nebrodensis improved immunity and coordinated innate immunity and inflammatory responses by activating macrophages [ 80 , 81 ]; (f) An exopolysaccharide from the medicinal mushroom Clitocybe maxima enhanced the immune response and inhibited tumor cells in mice [ 82 ]; (g) A polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus exhibited both antioxidant and neuroprotective effects on Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in neurons [ 83 ]; (h) A polysaccharide from Agaricus brasiliensis induced immunostimulation in mice (increased spleen and thymus indexes) and increased RAW 264.7 cell proliferation in vitro [ 84 ]; (i) A related study found that the polysaccharide from this mushroom showed strong in vitro free radical scavenging activity [ 85 ]; (j) Polysaccharides extracted from the edible mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum exhibited in vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner [ 66 ]; (k) Ultrasonically extracted Ganoderma β- d -glucans have higher molecular weights and optimal degree of branching, and better in vitro antioxidant activity in comparison with conventional extraction methods [ 86 ]; (l) A water-soluble β-glucan isolated from hot water extract of the fruit bodies of the edible mushroom Entoloma lividoalbum stimulated the production of macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes and exhibited hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities and reducing properties [ 43 ]; (m) A fucogalactomannan from Tylopilus ballouii mushroom inhibited...…”

A unique polysaccharide containing 3- O -methylarabinose and 3- O -methylgalactose from Tinospora sinensis

“…Interestingly, 3-O-Me-Gal has never been reported in Tinospora genus. The residue, '3-O-Me-Gal' has been reported in polysaccharides isolated from fungi [Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Brito et al, 2018;He et al, 2016); Phellinus igniarius (Yang, Zhang, & Zhang, 2007); Macrolepiota dolichaula (Samanta et al, 2015);], bacteria [Klebsiella pneumoniae (Mandal et al, 2015)], algae [Grifola frondosa (Cui et al, 2013;Oliveira et al, 2018); Gracilaria pudumadamensis (Kondaveeti, Kumar, Ganesan, & Siddhanta, 2014); Apophlae alyallii (Watt, O'Neill, Percy, & Brasch, 2002)], and plants [Selaginella apoda (Popper, Sadler, & Fry, 2001); Castanea sativa Mill and Citrus aurantiifolia (Bacon & Cheshire, 1971); Sassafras albidum (Springer, Takahashi, Desai, & Kolecki, 1965)], wherein 3-O-Me-Gal is present in polysaccharides as terminal residue or in 1,6-linked backbone or branching. 1,4-Linked 3-O-Me-Gal has been reported in the polysaccharides isolated from the bark of Ulmus fulva and U. glabra (Barsett & Paulsen, 1992).…”

Microanatomical and Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidative Activity of Methanolic Extract of <i>Oudemansiella canarii</i> (Jungh.) Höhn

“…In contemporary terms, they can be regarded as functional foods that can furnish health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients. 10 Mushrooms are known to be rich sources of various bioactive substances like antioxidant, [11][12][13] antimicrobial, 14,15 immunomodulatory, 16,17 and anticancer 18 substances. Despite all the mentioned health promoting effects, this diverse group is still largely unknown as more than half of the species remain undescribed.…”