Studies on the Glasshouse Carnation: Effects of Temperature and Growth Substances on Petal Number

Garrod, J. F.; Harris, G. P.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084892

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Additional petals induced by a low temperature can also be promoted by the application of GA 3 and IAA in carnation (Garrod and Harris, 1974). In contrast, GA 3 induces the development of normal stamens and increases the number of floral organs in L. esculentum, and the effect shows the same results as treatment with a low temperature (Sawhney, 1983;Sawhney and Greyson, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…2J-L). Garrod and Harris (1974) reported that a continuous low temperature or low night temperature induces the formation of additional petals in the center of flowers in carnation (Dianthus). By contrast, localized high-temperature treatment for the shoot tip increases the number of petals arising directly from the receptacle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lateral stamen number of Cardamine hirsuta (Brassicaceae) flower is unstable even within an inflorescence, being affected by growth temperature (Matsuhashi et al, 2012). Furthermore, low and high temperatures cause an increase of petal number via petal formation in the center of the flower and the receptacle, respectively, in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) (Garrod and Harris, 1974). These previous studies indicate that the influence of temperature on floral development shows variation depending on the plant species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Effects of Growth Temperature and Culture Season on Morphogenesis of Petaloid-stamen in Double-flowered Cyclamen

Mizunoe

2015

Hortic J

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This study was conducted to demonstrate the seasonal change of floral organ number and morphology, and the effect of growth temperature on floral morphology in double-flowered cyclamen with petaloid-stamens. In plants grown under seasonal variable temperature, floral organ number and morphology in petaloid-stamen type of double flower changed as time passed, but the degrees of such changes differed depending on the line; there were two types, namely, "variable" and "relatively stable", in terms of the number of outer and inner petaloid-stamens throughout the flowering period. In the plants grown under different constant temperatures, the rate of complete petals (petaloid-stamens) to the total organs in whorl 3 was greatest at 15°C, followed by the values at 25°C and 20°C. In contrast to complete petals, the rate of incomplete petals (petaloid-stamens) to the total organs in whorl 3 was greatest at 20°C, followed by the values at 25°C and 15°C. The rate of stamenlike organs to the total organs in whorl 3 did not differ significantly among treatments, and the rate of stamens to the total organs in whorl 3 was suppressed only at 25°C. Although the total numbers of stamens and stamen-like organs were similar at 15°C and 20°C, the developed positions of stamen-like organs and stamens were significantly different between 15°C and 20°C. Additional organs including stamens were produced inside the petaloid-stamen at 15°C, while restoration of the stamen was induced at 20°C. In conclusion, floral morphology shows seasonal change, and growth temperature affects the petaloidy of stamen in doubleflowered cyclamen. However, the effect on petaloidy differs according to the line.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Effects of Growth Temperature and Culture Season on Morphogenesis of Petaloid-stamen in Double-flowered Cyclamen

Mizunoe

2015

Hortic J

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“…It is possible that for the sl-2/sl-2 mutant, the change in temperature regimes also influences the endogenous levels of plant growth substances, as the exogenous application of auxins enhanced the production of the carpel-like stamens while gibberellins influenced the production of fertile stamens (Sawhney & Greyson, 1979). Low temperatures have been associated with high endogenous GA content in other species (Atherton & Harris, 1980) and treatment with low temperatures or GA3 often provides a comparable response (Garrod & Harris, 1974). An analysis of the endogenous plant growth substances, primarily gibberellins, in the normal and sl-2Jsl-2 lines, grown under different temperature regimes, is currently being made.…”

Section: Ontogeny Of Sl-2/sl-2 Stamens Under High Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stamen ontogeny in the temperature‐sensitive ‘stamenless‐2’ mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

1990

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SUMMARYIn the temperature-sensitive 'stamenless-2' (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum L.), normallooking stamens are produced under low temperatures, but under high temperature conditions carpelloid stamens develop. Under low temperature conditions, the mutant stamens follow a pattern of development comparable to the normal ( + / + ) stamens in all respects, e.g. initiation, locule formation and hair production. The ontogeny of carpelloid stamens under high temperature conditions diverged from that of the normal and low temperaturegrown mutant stamens at an early stage of development (<0-2 mm), and followed a sequence of development similar to that of the apocarpous gynoecia of other species.

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“…The effects of low temperature on petal number are exerted in the early stages of flower development before the flower bud is visible at the shoot apex (Garrod and Harris, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-dependent Flower Malformation in Carnations (<i>Dianthus caryophyllus</i> L.)

et al. 2018

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Temperature regimes that cause malformed flowers were examined and histological observation was carried out at the developmental stage of flowers by using mutants of the potted carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) 'Cherry' producing malformed flowers according to cultivation season. Plants of normal (WT) and malformed (mlf) lines were grown under several temperature regimes. All WT plants produced normal flowers, whereas mlf lines showed a variety of malformed floral phenotypes, including phyllody-like proliferated sepaloids, proliferated petaloids, proliferated pistillodes with or without petals, secondary flower formation, and a flattened receptacle. In Experiment 1, mlf plants produced no malformed flowers when grown under constant 26°C, whereas 34.2% of mlf plants produced malformed flowers at 14-16/12°C (day/night, natural light). Malformation frequency was slightly lower at a night temperature of 5°C compared with 14-16/12°C. When malformed mlf plants were transferred from 17/5°C to 23/18°C, flower malformation was alleviated. Conversely, when mlf plants grown under constant 26°C with a normal phenotype were transferred to 17/12°C, flower malformation was induced. Thus, flower malformation was reversible depending on the temperature regime. In Experiment 2, 92.2% of mlf plants produced malformed flowers under constant 15°C, whereas 3.1% and 1.3% showed flower malformation when grown under constant 20°C and 25/20°C, respectively. These findings suggested that the threshold for flower malformation is between 15°C and 20°C. Observation of shoot apices by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological differences between WT and mlf after sepal formation. Petal primordia were not visible in mlf plants at 15°C, although petal primordia were initiated in WT. After this stage, flower malformations observed in mlf included undeveloped petals, undeveloped or irregularly developed stamens, secondary flower primordia formation, and completely irregular arrangement of undeveloped flower organs. No phytoplasma was detected by PCR, indicating that it could not be the causal agent of the abnormal phenotypes. This is the first report of mutant flower phenotypes dependent on temperature and induced by only a 5°C difference within optimal growing-temperature regimes in carnations.

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Studies on the Glasshouse Carnation: Effects of Temperature and Growth Substances on Petal Number

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Growth Temperature and Culture Season on Morphogenesis of Petaloid-stamen in Double-flowered Cyclamen

Effects of Growth Temperature and Culture Season on Morphogenesis of Petaloid-stamen in Double-flowered Cyclamen

Stamen ontogeny in the temperature‐sensitive ‘stamenless‐2’ mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Temperature-dependent Flower Malformation in Carnations (<i>Dianthus caryophyllus</i> L.)

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