Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> L. Kuhn) II. Biochemical activity in the rhizome buds

Veerasekaran, P.; Kirkwood, R. C.; Fletcher, W. W.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00450.x

Cited by 30 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Asulam [methyl (4‐aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamate] is the most widely used herbicide for bracken control; it is translocated into the rhizome and accumulates in both active and dormant buds, where it effects a lethal action (Veerasekaran et al . 1976, 1977a,b, 1978).…”

Section: Conservation and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

2006

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Summary1 This account reviews information on all aspects of the biology of bracken Pteridium (mainly aquilinum ssp. aquilinum) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. 2 Pteridium is a complex genus comprising a number of species, subspecies and varieties. The treatment here is based on a recent revision that incorporates both morphological and molecular data, and is related to its geographical distribution. 3 Pteridium is thought to be a woodland genus, but it can grow in the open. It is cosmopolitan and occurs on all continents except Antarctica. It responds to human disturbance and is often found in open spaces after forest clearance and cultivation. In some situations it can be a troublesome weed, causing problems for land managers. Moreover, its abundance and distribution in Britain are predicted to increase as a result of global climate change. 4 Pteridium aquilinum ssp. aquilinum, the most common taxon in the British Isles, occurs in many plant communities, and it is apparently limited by frost and waterlogging. Its abundance has probably increased in the relatively recent past as a result of changing land management, and this increase impinges on plant communities with a high conservation interest. The changed land management reflects changing use of agricultural land and also a reduction in the use of Pteridium as a resource. Accordingly, in many places Pteridium is viewed as a weed and management is needed to control it and restore more desirable vegetation. These management techniques are summarized.

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Section: Conservation and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

2006

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“…In the season after spraying, there is typically a 90-99:; reduction in frond numbers, but an exponential regeneration of fronds usually occurs, reaching pre-treatment levels in 5-6 years (Veerasekaran et al, 1978;Williams, 1980;Lowday, 1987). Although asulam kills nearly all of the active frond buds, it has much less effect on dormant buds (Veerasekaran et al, 1978), especially those on distant branches of the rhizome network. These dormant buds probably survive due to a combination of low assimilate demand and isolation from a herbicide source, and are thought to act as foci for reinvasion in future years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of cutting pre‐treatments on the performance of asulam on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)

Lowday

Lakhani

1987

Annals of Applied Biology

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S U M M A R YThe performance of asulam was assessed from a field experiment in which bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) was subjected to a variety of cutting pre-treatments prior to spraying with the herbicide. Both cutting bracken twice in the year prior to asulam application, and spraying frond regrowth 10 wk after a single mid-June cut, improved the performance of asulam. Summer cutting removes nutrients and dry matter from the system and reduces frond height, but increases frond density and the number of active buds on the rhizome system. The enhanced efficiency of asulam on pre-cut plots may be due to any one of these factors, or a complex interaction between some (or all) of them. In areas of tall bracken a cutting pretreatment has the important practical advantage of reducing the height of the canopy, making the subsequent use of ground spraying equipment easier. 0 1987 Association of Applied Biologists

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“…Asulam [methyl (4‐aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamate] is most commonly used. On translocation from frond to rhizome it kills active and dormant buds (Veerasekaran, Kirkwood & Fletcher 1977, 1978). Asulam frequently achieves almost 100% frond reduction in the year following spraying, but in following years rapid recovery may occur and follow‐up treatments are needed (Lowday & Marrs 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the rhizome system of bracken subjected to long‐term experimental treatment

Duc

Pakeman²,

Marrs

2003

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary Bracken Pteridium aquilinum is a serious weed of upland and marginal land. Its extensive rhizome system and large carbohydrate reserves make control difficult. This paper reports the results of seven long‐term experiments, established in four diverse UK locations, to test control and vegetation restoration treatments. Samples were obtained from 580 rhizome pits between 1998 and 2000. Total dry mass per unit area (M, a measure of performance) and ratio of frond‐bearing to total rhizome dry mass (R, a relative measure of investment in frond production) were measured. The range of means for M in untreated bracken was 1·8–5·1 kg m−2, greater than that reported by others (1·2–3·0 kg m−2). Measured values for R were 0·24–0·42, again differing from other reports (0·10–0·38), probably due to our policy of avoiding advancing bracken fronts. Randomization tests were used to check for non‐independence of sampling units. They confirmed the general adequacy of the anova results; there was little detectable interference between plots. Two regions contained matching pairs of experiments, thus variation within region was tested and differences were found in one region. Five bracken control treatments (cutting, herbicide application and combinations) were employed at all but one experiment. Cutting once or twice per year generally gave the best results, reducing M by c. 60% after ≤ 5 years. Some subtreatments designed mainly for vegetation restoration, notably surface disturbance, also affected M. R was reduced by herbicide treatment, for example from 0·30 to 0·16. Such low values of R are typical of invading bracken and are thought to represent rejuvenated and invasive rhizomes. Follow‐up treatments are needed in such situations. Despite large differences between untreated M at matching experiments on Cannock Chase (Staffordshire), treatment effects were similar at both sites (cutting twice per year or cutting together with herbicide application were best). At Sourhope (Cheviot Hills) a different pattern of response was obtained, with cutting alone giving better results than treatments involving herbicide. The ratio of rhizome to frond dry mass per unit area was 10 : 1 in good conditions for growth, but the proportionate size of rhizomes could be reduced in poor growing conditions such as wet summers. Synthesis and applications. In order to develop a national control strategy the following must be considered: rhizome mass differs between sites and in response to control treatments; cutting twice per year is generally most effective; where cutting is impossible, herbicide treatment should be applied. Weather may affect rhizome mass, with wet years being detrimental. This raises the possibility that bracken may increase under the drier conditions that may occur with global warming.

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Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) II. Biochemical activity in the rhizome buds

Cited by 30 publications

References 29 publications

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

The effects of cutting pre‐treatments on the performance of asulam on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)

Changes in the rhizome system of bracken subjected to long‐term experimental treatment

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