Study of catalytic activity of free and K10-supported iron oxyhydroxides and oxides in the Friedel–Crafts benzylation reaction using benzyl chloride/alcohol to understand their role in the catalysis by the Fe-exchanged/impregnated K10 catalysts

Montmorillonite-supported magnetite nanoparticles for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solutions

“…Due to its small particle size, bearing constant negative charge on surface and sheet-like structure, montmorillonite may be particularly suitable to be used as a support for the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. However, so far, few attempts to synthesize montmorillonite-supported magnetite composite could be found in literatures [15,16].…”

Fe3+‐Exchanged Titanate Nanotubes: A New Kind of Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Friedel‐Crafts Type Benzylation

“…For example, it takes less than 10 min to reach complete BC conversion at 80 ∘ C, while it will cost about 30 min if the reaction temperature is 70 ∘ C. The lowered temperature not only results in the slow reaction rate but also produces obvious induction period, so that Fe-TNTs cannot provide any detectable BC conversion until the reaction is carried out over 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, and 25 min for 75 ∘ C, 70 ∘ C, 65 ∘ C, and 60 ∘ C, respectively. The phenomenon of induction period, which commonly exists in the heterogeneous catalysis of benzylation of benzene [7,17,21,22,[48][49][50][51], has been attributed to the moisture adsorbed on the catalytic sites that could delay the diffusion and activation of reaction substrates [16,52]. Ferric sites in Fe-TNTs are highly dispersed; thus it is not difficult to understand that these active sites are occupied by some moisture due to the hydrophilicity of Fe 3+ ions.…”

“…Following the advanced development of green chemistry, various kinds of heterogeneous solid catalysts, for example, zeolites, metal oxides, sulfated zirconia, clay, doped mesoporous silica, and heteropoly acids, for Friedel-Crafts type benzylation have been extensively studied in past decades [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Among those different active sites in heterogeneous catalysts, Fe-containing sites have received more and more attention due to their superior catalytic activities and low cost.…”

Synthesis of Nanosized Mordenite with Enhanced Catalytic Performance in the Alkylation of Benzene with Benzyl Alcohol

“…Friedel–Crafts (F–C) alkylation is one of the important acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion technologies used in numerous petrochemical and fine chemical industrial fields. − At present, homogeneous liquid acid catalysts, for instance, H 2 SO 4 and AlCl 3 , are widely applied to these reactions. , These types of homogeneous catalysts are very efficient for the reaction; however, they exhibit severe environmental problems, such as difficulty in separation from the reaction system, recycle and reuse of liquid catalyst, and severe equipment corrosion. − Zeolite, as an important solid acid catalyst, has been extensively used for the F–C alkylation due to the large surface area, unique pore structure, distribution, and strength of acidity. − Most importantly, zeolite stands as a better alternative catalyst with great potential to overcome these drawbacks of liquid acid catalysts.…”