Study of Depression and Anxiety in Endoscopically Diagnosed Cases of Gastro- Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: To study the Depression and Anxiety in diagnosed esophageal reflux disease cases and to compare it with the age and sex matched controls Methods: Study conducted in the gastro-enterology unit of Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PostGraduate Institute, Indore. After taking an informed consent in their local language (Hindi), we recruited 100 patients with symptoms and endoscopic evidence of GERD along with 100 age and sex matched controls. Patients diagnosed to have GERD on the basis of either frequent complaints of heartburn and/or acid regurgitation for the last 3 months and the presence of endoscopic evidence of GERD. Following instruments were administered: A semi-structured socio-demographic pro-forma, Mini International Neuropsychiatric interview, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. Results: The present study revealed that significantly higher number of GERD patients suffered from depression (46%) and anxiety (31%) as compared to their matched controls. Also, both HAM-D and HAM-A scores showed higher numbers of GERD patients to be having 'severe' or 'very severe' forms of psychological morbidity than the controls. Patients with GERD used tobacco, in smoking or chewing form, in significantly higher numbers than the controls, while alcohol users were underrepresented in both groups. Conclusion: In summary, among the 100 GERD cases 56 were found to have psychiatric morbidity in form of either anxiety or depression.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease incidence among male patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A single‐center cross‐sectional study in southern Iran

“…There is evidence that social stressors may promote gastroesophageal reflux and IBS, and somatization can be a marker of these conditions. 41 , 42 Psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression have been reported to influence these two conditions. In a study by Rathi et al .…”

“…To fully understand this difference, the literature on reliable physiological studies must be examined, but there is strong support for the hypothesis that acid reflux and psychosocial stress are responsible for the higher prevalence of depression and anxiety in these patients. 41 …”

“…There is evidence that social stressors may promote gastroesophageal reflux and IBS, and somatization can be a marker of these conditions. 41,42 Psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression have been reported to influence these two conditions. In a study by Rathi et al 41 among 100 GERD cases, 56 were found to have psychiatric morbidity in the form of either anxiety or depression, which was not associated with the patients 0 demographic and social factors.…”

“…41,42 Psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression have been reported to influence these two conditions. In a study by Rathi et al 41 among 100 GERD cases, 56 were found to have psychiatric morbidity in the form of either anxiety or depression, which was not associated with the patients 0 demographic and social factors. Dissatisfaction with the body image has been reported to influence depression in GERD.…”

Psychological and Behavioral Factors Associated with Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: Case Report

“…Similar to the gender profile in migraine headaches, there is a slight female predominance over males (57%:43%). This case is common we found in practice, but sometimes we forgot to explore the psychological aspects of patients with physical illnesses [8], [9], [10], [11].…”