Study of Mechanical and Thermal Properties in Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposite-Based Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering: The Roles of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Abstract

Synthetic scaffolding for bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been widely utilized. The scaffold for BTE requires sufficient porosity as a template for bone cell development and growth so that it can be used in the treatment of bone defects and fractures. Nevertheless, the porosity significantly influences the compressive strength of the scaffold. Hence, controlling the porosity is a pivotal role to obtain a proper scaffold for practical BTE application. Herein, we fabricated the nanocomposite-based scaffold utilizing nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA). The scaffold was prepared in combination with chitosan (Ch) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The ratios of n-HA, Ch, and CMC used were 40:60:0, 40:55:5, 40:50:10, 40:45:15, and 40:40:20, respectively. By controlling the Ch and CMC composition, we can tune the porosity of the nanocomposite. We found that the interpolation of the CMC prevails, as a crosslinker reinforces the nanocomposite. In addition, the binding to Ch enhanced the compressive strength of the scaffold. Thermal characteristics revealed the coefficient of thermal expansion decreases with increasing CMC content. The nanocomposite does not expand at 25–75 °C, which is suitable for human body temperature. Therefore, this nanocomposite-based scaffold is feasible for BTE application.

Influence of Charge and Heat on the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds from Ionic Complexation of Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…While the calculated average pore size ranged from 50 to 300 μm, all scaffolds had porosity in the range of 70–90% (D), which is suitable for most tissue engineering applications. 11 , 46 The average pore sizes obtained in this work are comparable to the freeze-dried PEC scaffolds produced from CS/CMC (50–300 μm) 13 or CS/CMC reinforced with bioactive glass (∼80 μm), 12 silver nanoparticles (50–400 μm), 14 hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (100–500 μm), 15 , 20 , 21 calcium phosphate (35–290 μm), 16 and wollastonite (∼100 μm). 17 The density of dry chitosan (CS 100 ) was 0.142 g cm –3 and increased to approximately 0.23 g cm –3 ( Figure 2 E, samples CS 50 and CS 40 ) with CMC loading.…”

“…As mentioned in Section 3.2.1 , the pore size of CS 50 /105 °C/ N and CS 40 /105 °C/ N in the dry and hydrated states can be compared with the pore sizes of most scaffolds obtained either from CS/CMC 13 or from the latter incorporated with various reinforcing components. 14 − 17 , 20 CS 50 /105 °C/ N was physically resistant to deformation in the dry state as demonstrated by placing a 500 g weight on top with a density of 0.118 g cm –3 . It retained its shape after hydration with water and biofluid at ambient conditions ( Figure 3 E).…”

“…The total weight loss or degradation of our samples performed for 4 weeks in biofluid (containing a cocktail of various amino acids, vitamins, proteins, inorganic salts, glucose, etc , simulated body fluid or in the presence of lysozyme at 37 °C. These results confirm that the cross-linking of chitosan and CMC chains by DHT treatment was successful and increased wet resilience, thereby preventing an uncontrolled and rapid degradation.…”

“…These scaffolds must provide biocompatibility, porosity, chemical cues, and mechanical support to guide and attach cells. , Several polysaccharide-based biomaterials, including nanocelluloses, hyaluronic acid, , alginate, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), , and chitosan (CS) have been used to prepare such scaffolds. ,− For example, a combination with collagen has been used as functional wound dressing to improve wound healing . Moreover, CS/CMC biocomposites with hydroxylapatite, ,− silver, wollastonite, bioactive glass, calcium phosphate, and Cissus quadrangularis plant extract have been used in bone tissue engineering. Chrysin-loaded CS/CMC scaffolds were fabricated to promote proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) …”

Crafting a Next-Generation Device Using Iron Oxide Thin Film: A Review

“…Another effort to achieve in vivo applications of iron oxide thin film is to enhance their biocompatibility. One simple pathway is by combining iron oxide with biocompatible materials such as hydroxyapatite and/or dextran. , For instance, iron oxide-dextran nanocomposite thin film has been successfully fabricated using a method, so-called the MAPLE technique (matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation) . MAPLE is particularly well-suited for organic/polymer thin film deposition, and thus the iron oxide-dextran nanocomposite thin film can be fabricated using composite targets containing dextran and iron oxide nanoparticles .…”