Sub-40 μA continuous-wave lasing in an oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with dielectric mirrors

Huffaker, Diana L.; Graham, Luke A.; Deng, Hongyu; Deppe, D.G.

doi:10.1109/68.508708

Cited by 103 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The onset of the higher azimuthal order, donut-shaped transverse mode for high currents is initiated by fundamental mode spatial hole burning and thermally induced waveguiding. It should be mentioned that VCSELs with much smaller threshold currents in the sub-100 µA range have already been demonstrated [26] by choosing small active diameters and high mirror reflectivities which, however, greatly limits the achievable output power and conversion efficiency levels.…”

Section: Experimental Operation Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2.3. The active diameter of the VCSEL can be reduced to just a few micrometers in order to obtain single transverse mode operation together with lowest threshold currents in the sub-100 µA range [26], but can also exceed 100 µm to get high output powers beyond 100 mW [27][28][29]. Chapter 8 of this book is entirely devoted to highpower VCSELs and arrays.…”

Section: Vcsel Design and Operation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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In this chapter we outline major principles of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) design and operation. Basic device properties and generally applicable cavity design rules are introduced. Characteristic parameters like threshold gain and current, differential quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency, as well as thermal resistance are discussed. We describe the design of Bragg reflectors and explain the transfer matrix method as a convenient tool to compute VCSEL resonator properties in a one-dimensional approximation. Experimental results illustrate the emission characteristics of high-efficiency VCSELs that apply selective oxidation for current and photon confinement. Both the 850 and 980 nm wavelength regions are considered. The basic treatment of laser dynamics and noise behavior is presented in terms of the small-signal modulation response as well as the relative intensity noise. Finally we give some examples of VCSEL applications in fiber-based optical interconnects, i.e., optical data transmission over short distances. IntroductionVCSELs have undergone an extraordinary evolution over the past three decades. Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters. Several books entirely devoted R. Michalzik (B)

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Section: Experimental Operation Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Vcsel Design and Operation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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“…10 This layer is followed by a quarter-wavelength-thick p-type GaAs layer, and contact layers of highly p-doped AlGaAs ͑200 Å͒ and GaAs ͑500 Å͒ that are selectively etched from the optical cavity to reduce the free carrier absorption. 11 The upper MgF/ZnSe DBRs are electron-beam deposited.…”

Section: Microelectronics Research Center Department Of Electrical Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved performance of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using a tunnel injection active region

Huffaker

Deppe

1997

Applied Physics Letters

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Data are presented on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers that use tunneling for injection of electrons into a quantum well active region. The tunneling injection scheme increases the electronic confinement and improves the lasing performance for small active areas. A lasing threshold of 36 μA with a slope efficiency of 23% is achieved for a 2.5 μm device, and a 52% slope efficiency is achieved for a 4 μm device with a 92 μA threshold.

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“…As a result, it is possible to increase the interaction between the light emitter and the high Q cavity mode, which can be characterized by the Purcell factor Q/V, by several orders of magnitude. The enhanced interaction between the light emitting material and the high Q cavity mode can lead to many interesting effects in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics, and plays a critical role in important applications such as "thresholdless" lasers [7][8][9][10] and single photon devices [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of spontaneous emission in Bragg onion resonators

Liang¹,

Huang²,

Yariv³

et al. 2006

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We formulated an analytical model and analyzed the modification of spontaneous emission in Bragg onion resonators. We consider both the case of a single light emitter and a uniformly distributed ensemble of light emitters within the resonator. We obtain an expression for the average radiation rate of the light emitters ensemble and discuss the modification of the average radiation rate as a function of cavity parameters such as the core radius, the number of Bragg cladding layers, the index contrast of the Bragg cladding, and the refractive index of surrounding medium. We also consider the possibility of non-exponential decay of the light emitter ensemble due to the strong dependence of spontaneous emission on the location and polarization of individual light emitter. We conclude that Bragg onion resonators can both enhance and inhibit spontaneous emission by several orders of magnitude. This property can have significant impact in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED).

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Sub-40 μA continuous-wave lasing in an oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with dielectric mirrors

Cited by 103 publications

References 11 publications

VCSEL Fundamentals

VCSEL Fundamentals

Improved performance of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using a tunnel injection active region

Modification of spontaneous emission in Bragg onion resonators

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