Sub-cooled and flashing liquid jets and droplet dispersion I. Overview and model implementation/validation

Witlox, Henk W.M.; Harper, Matthew M.; Oke, Adeyemi; Bowen, Philip John; Kay, Peter John

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2010.07.004

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In Phast 7.2, the initial droplet size (Sauter Mean Diameter, SMD) for instantaneous releases is always based on the CCPS flashing correlation (Witlox et al . ). Conversely, Schmidli suggests to use a “Weber” mechanical criterion based on the reduced post‐expansion final velocity u f ( f kinetic = 0.04).…”

Section: Model Verification and Validationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Modeling and validation of dispersion following an instantaneous vapor or two-phase release from a pressurized vessel

Witlox

Harper

Webber³

2017

Proc. Safety Prog.

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This article presents a new model for the initial dispersion phase of energetic instantaneous expansion following a catastrophic vessel rupture. This model has been implemented as a new sub-model in the Phast dispersion model and is based on more sound physical principles than the old Phast submodel. It allows for both vapor and two-phase releases. In the case of two-phase releases, droplets are assumed to expand radially, potentially leading to time-varying droplet rainout and the formation of a spreading evaporating liquid pool. For ground-level vapor or two-phase releases the correctness of the numerical predictions is confirmed against an analytical solution. The model has been validated against previously published experimental data for pressurized releases with and without rainout. This includes ground-level releases for nitrogen vapor and flashing liquid propylene, and elevated flashing liquid releases for Freon 11, Freon 12, propane and butane. Overall the old model tends to under-predict the cloud radius and cloud speed versus time, while the new model more closely agrees with small-scale experimental data. Therefore the new model produces smaller concentrations and doses, and is less conservative. For two-phase releases the new model predicts an increased amount of rainout, which is more in line with the experimental data.

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Section: Model Verification and Validationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Modeling and validation of dispersion following an instantaneous vapor or two-phase release from a pressurized vessel

Witlox

Harper

Webber³

2017

Proc. Safety Prog.

Self Cite

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“…The particle volume fraction is the only parameter needed to characterize the dispersed phase at the source. This can be seen as an advantage because a lot of uncertainties remain in estimating the characteristics of particles produced by the atomization of liquid sprays (despite some recent efforts, see for example [23,24]). The second bullet implies that minor modifications to single phase flow CFD codes (such as FLACS) are needed.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD computations of liquid hydrogen releases

Ichard

Hansen

Middha

et al. 2012

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…When a pressurized cryogenic liquid leaks out into the atmosphere from a crack, it will be in two phases, liquid and vapor. The depressurization process leads to mechanical fragmentation of the liquid and forms vapor [11]. Additionally, the liquid will undergo the rapid vaporization of liquid due to the sudden pressure drop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model for Cryogenic Flashing LNG Leak

Lim¹,

2021

Applied Sciences

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The growth of liquefied natural gas (LNG)’s importance for curbing greenhouse gas emissions has increased the interest in understanding LNG’s risks, particularly regarding small-diameter leaks (<25 mm). Recently, INERIS performed a series of pressurized LNG release experiments for orifice sizes of up to 9 mm. Based on INERIS findings and the Isenthalpic Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM), this paper created a leak model for flashing LNG leak. The leak model consists of nine equations and quantifies leak parameters for risk assessment. One potential use of this leak model is providing an equivalent leak boundary condition for computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation to predict gas dispersion. Using the leak model as input, FLACS gas dispersion simulation was carried out for one INERIS experiment leak case. Compared to TR56, the Singapore safety guideline for LNG bunkering, the dispersion result does not contradict the expected plume reach. Further validation with risk analysis tools and actual experiments is needed to confirm that the leak model is fit for use.

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Sub-cooled and flashing liquid jets and droplet dispersion I. Overview and model implementation/validation

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

Modeling and validation of dispersion following an instantaneous vapor or two-phase release from a pressurized vessel

Modeling and validation of dispersion following an instantaneous vapor or two-phase release from a pressurized vessel

CFD computations of liquid hydrogen releases

Model for Cryogenic Flashing LNG Leak

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