Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia

McHaffie, John G.; Stanford, Terrence R.; Stein, Barry E.; Coizet, Véronique; Redgrave, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.06.006

Cited by 368 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Thus, a principle of basal ganglia circuitry is that the two major excitatory inputs to the basal ganglia innervate, to equal degrees, both MSNs that give rise to the direct pathways and those that give rise to the indirect pathway. Our findings are in agreement with previous electrophysiological data (Kocsis et al, 1977;Vandermaelen and Kitai, 1980;Ding et al, 2008) and reinforce the concept that subcortical inputs to the basal ganglia are as important as cortical afferents in the expression of basal ganglia function (Redgrave et al, 1999;Smith et al, 2004;McHaffie et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Cortical and Thalamic Innervation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons in Mouse Striatum

Doig¹,

Moss²,

Bolam³

2010

J. Neurosci.

203

173

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The striatum receives major excitatory inputs from the cortex and thalamus that predominantly target the spines of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs). We aimed to determine whether there is any selectivity of these two excitatory afferents in their innervation of direct and indirect pathway MSNs. To address this, we used bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reports the presence of D 1 or D 2 dopamine receptor subtypes, markers of direct and indirect pathway MSNs, respectively. Excitatory afferents were identified by the selective expression of vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGluT1) by corticostriatal afferents and vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2) by thalamostriatal afferents. A quantitative electron microscopic analysis was performed on striatal tissue from D 1 and D 2 mice that was double immunolabeled to reveal the EGFP and VGluT1 or VGluT2. We found that the proportion of synapses formed by terminals derived from the cortex and thalamus was similar for both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed that individual cortical or thalamic terminals form synapses with both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. Similarly, we observed a convergence of cortical and thalamic inputs onto individual MSNs of both direct and indirect pathway: individual EGFP-positive structures received input from both VGluT2-positive and VGluT2-negative terminals. These findings demonstrate that direct and indirect pathway MSNs are similarly innervated by cortical and thalamic afferents; both projections are thus likely to be critical in the control of MSNs and hence play fundamental roles in the expression of basal ganglia function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Cortical and Thalamic Innervation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons in Mouse Striatum

Doig¹,

Moss²,

Bolam³

2010

J. Neurosci.

203

173

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“…1A). Vertebrates organize their behavior by reference to this integrated model of the environment rather than by reacting to independent sensory inputs (8,33).…”

Section: How the Vertebrate Midbrain Supports The Capacity For Subjecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mammals the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) receive topographically organized visual inputs (34), whereas the deeper layers receive topographically organized visual, auditory, and somatosensory input (8,15,33,35). In some species, specialized spatial senses such as infrared and magneto-and electrosenses and echolocation send topographically organized inputs to the SC (8,(36)(37)(38).…”

Section: How the Vertebrate Midbrain Supports The Capacity For Subjecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrative structures within the midbrain and basal ganglia, including the periaqueductal gray (P), substantia nigra (N), thalamus (Tha), striatum (St), and midbrain reticular formation (MR), integrate these sources of information (8, 33) (A). In advanced vertebrates the cortex and hippocampal structures clearly have a very strong input in to this system, but this midbrain system is not dependent on cortical inputs to function (140) and is highly conserved across all vertebrate lineages (33). location in space to collate and resolve competing motivations, prioritize resources, and select targets and actions (8,33).…”

Section: How the Vertebrate Midbrain Supports The Capacity For Subjecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1A). Competing and potentially conflicting behavioral responses that might be stimulated by different inputs can be resolved within a single behavioral control system (33,57). Target selection and action selection must interact (Fig.…”

Section: How the Vertebrate Midbrain Supports The Capacity For Subjecmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

Barron

Klein

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

183

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How, why, and when consciousness evolved remain hotly debated topics. Addressing these issues requires considering the distribution of consciousness across the animal phylogenetic tree. Here we propose that at least one invertebrate clade, the insects, has a capacity for the most basic aspect of consciousness: subjective experience. In vertebrates the capacity for subjective experience is supported by integrated structures in the midbrain that create a neural simulation of the state of the mobile animal in space. This integrated and egocentric representation of the world from the animal's perspective is sufficient for subjective experience. Structures in the insect brain perform analogous functions. Therefore, we argue the insect brain also supports a capacity for subjective experience. In both vertebrates and insects this form of behavioral control system evolved as an efficient solution to basic problems of sensory reafference and true navigation. The brain structures that support subjective experience in vertebrates and insects are very different from each other, but in both cases they are basal to each clade. Hence we propose the origins of subjective experience can be traced to the Cambrian. subjective experience | primary consciousness | vertebrate midbrain | central complex

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Enlargement of Thalamic Nuclei in Tourette Syndrome

Miller¹,

Bansal²,

Hao³

et al. 2010

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Context The basal ganglia and thalamus together connect in parallel closed-loop circuits with the cortex. Previous imaging studies have shown modifications of the basal ganglia and cortical targets in individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS), but less is known regarding the role of the thalamus in TS pathogenesis. Objective To study the morphological features of the thalamus in children and adults with TS. Design A cross-sectional, case-control study using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Setting University research center. Participants The 283 participants included 149 with TS and 134 normal control individuals aged 6 to 63 years. Main Outcome Measures Conventional volumes and measures of surface morphology of the thalamus. Results Analyses of conventional volumes and surface morphology were consistent in demonstrating an enlargement in TS-affected thalami. Overall volumes were 5% larger in the group composed of children and adults with TS. Statistical maps of surface contour demonstrated enlargement over the lateral thalamus. Post hoc testing indicated that differences in IQ, comorbid illnesses, and medication use did not account for these findings. Conclusions Morphological abnormalities in the thalamus, together with the disturbances reported in the sensorimotor cortex, striatum, and globus pallidus, support the hypothesis of a circuit wide disorder within motor pathways in TS. The connectivity and function of the numerous and diverse thalamic nuclei within cortical-subcortical circuits constitute an anatomical crossroad wherein enlargement of motor nuclei may represent activity-dependent hypertrophy within this component of cortical-subcortical motor circuits, or an adaptive response within a larger putative compensatory system that could thereby directly modulate activity in motor circuits to attenuate the severity of tics.

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Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia

Cited by 368 publications

References 66 publications

Cortical and Thalamic Innervation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons in Mouse Striatum

Cortical and Thalamic Innervation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons in Mouse Striatum

What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

Enlargement of Thalamic Nuclei in Tourette Syndrome

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