Substitution of Conventional High-temperature Syntheses of Inorganic Compounds by Near-room-temperature Syntheses in Ionic Liquids

Abstract

, as well as of WSCl 4 and WOCl 4 have been replaced by resource-efficient low-temperature syntheses in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The simple one-pot syntheses generally do not require elaborate equipment such as twozone furnaces or evacuated silica ampoules. Compared to the published conventional approaches, reduction of reaction time (up to 80 %) and temperature (up to 500 K) and, simultaneously, an increase in yield were achieved. In the majority of cases, the solid products were phase-pure. X-Ray diffraction on single crystals (redetermination of 11 crystal structures) has demonstrated that the quality of the crystals from RTILs is comparable to that of products obtained by chemical transport reactions.

Controlled Synthesis of Polyions of Heavy Main-Group Elements in Ionic Liquids

“…In addition, the concentration of the different halogenidometalate species can be tuned by temperature [100], mole fraction of employed MX 3 [5], and by adding additional free X − anions [5100]. The latter has been utilized by Ruck et al to overcome hindered crystallization of products by adding small amounts of NaCl after completion of the reaction to increase the mole fraction of [AlCl 4 ] − [23,26,101]. …”

“…A variety of homoatomic polycations of group 15 or 16 elements has been synthesized in ILs [26,27,31,99,101,102,103,104] and several influencing reaction parameters were deduced.…”

“…Three of the latter could be synthesized in Lewis-acidic ILs: Bi 5 3+ [99,104], Bi 8 2+ [26], and Bi 9 5+ [26,27]. In general, IL-based syntheses of bismuth polycations are advantageous compared to classic syntheses by increasing purity and yield in addition to lowering the reaction temperature [26]. …”

“…Owing to the distinctive physicochemical properties of ILs (wide liquidus range, high redox and thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, and tunable polarity) and their advantages over organic solvents, classic melts, or solid state reactions, their applications include separation techniques [7,8,9], lubrication [10], electrodeposition [11], acting as electrolytes in photovoltaic devices (e.g., solar cells) [12,13,14], catalysis for clean technology [15,16,17,18], polymerization processes [19], crystal engineering of a wide range of inorganic substances [20,21,22,23,24,25], and syntheses of new inorganic materials in general [23,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]. Recently, several comprehensive reviews on syntheses of inorganic compounds in ILs have been published by Taubert [52], Feldmann [28], Dehnen [51], Janiak [42,53], Scrosati and Passerini [48], Morris [54], Mudring [55], Prechtl [56], Zhu [57], Dai [58], and Ruck [23,27,59] among others.…”

Bis((dialkylamino)alkylselenolato)metal complexes as precursors for microwave-assisted synthesis of semiconductor metal selenide nanoparticles of zinc and cadmium in the ionic liquid [BMIm][ BF4]

“…Due to their unique physicochemical properties ionic liquids, especially room temperature ionic liquids like 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoridoborate, [BMIm] [BF 4 ], have recently received attention as media for the synthesis of different types of nanoparticles [16][17][18][19][20][21] and inorganic materials [22,23] such as metal oxides including ZnO [24] or CuO semiconductor nanoparticles [25,26], metal chalcogenides [27,28], polynuclear metal complexes [29][30][31]. Among others, the properties of ILs include a high dielectric constant, polarity, thermal stability and a negligible vapor pressure.…”