Successful laparoscopic insemination with a very low number of flow cytometrically sorted boar sperm in field conditions

Storage of sexed boar spermatozoa: Limits and perspectives

“…However, the relatively high number of sexed spermatozoa needed and the reduced fertility rates limit the use of sexed semen in DIUI on a large routine scale [25]. Laparoscopic insemination with a very low number of sex-sorted sperm (3-6 Â 10 6 spermatozoa) has been reported to produce satisfactory fertility at the farm level with a farrowing rate of around 80% [24]. Owing to its high cost, routine use of this insemination technique is not feasible in the pig industry but could at best be confined to niche situations such as elite breeding units or nucleus herds [24,25].…”

“…Laparoscopic insemination with a very low number of sex-sorted sperm (3-6 Â 10 6 spermatozoa) has been reported to produce satisfactory fertility at the farm level with a farrowing rate of around 80% [24]. Owing to its high cost, routine use of this insemination technique is not feasible in the pig industry but could at best be confined to niche situations such as elite breeding units or nucleus herds [24,25]. In addition, the fertility outcome using these techniques is strictly dependent on proper timing of semen deposition and hormonal treatments for accurate prediction of ovulation [25].…”

“…The high incidence of pregnancy loss is also observed after DIUI and laparoscopic insemination with non-frozen sex-sorted spermatozoa [19,24] suggesting that DNA alterations of sexed spermatozoa may negatively affect the developmental potential of embryos. However, the low number of viable embryos and fetuses, which per se impairs pregnancy in this species [57,58], might contribute to the pregnancy loss observed with both frozen and unfrozen sex-sorted spermatozoa [19,24,59].…”

“…However, the low number of viable embryos and fetuses, which per se impairs pregnancy in this species [57,58], might contribute to the pregnancy loss observed with both frozen and unfrozen sex-sorted spermatozoa [19,24,59].…”

“…High penetration and monospermy rates were obtained by laparoscopic insemination with deposition directly into the oviductal ampulla using 0.3 Â 10 6 sexed spermatozoa stored 16 to 18 hours at 17 C, but all the putative zygotes were collected and sows were not allowed to farrow [60]. Acceptable pregnancy rates (around 90%) and farrowing rates (around 80%) have been obtained by laparoscopic insemination using 3 to 6 Â 10 6 sexed spermatozoa stored at 22 C for a maximum of 12 hours, but no further information was given on the storage time of the single insemination dose [24].…”