Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocargoes for combined cancer thermotherapy and MRI applications

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based cancer diagnosis-therapy integrative systems (cancer theranostics) represent an emerging approach in oncology. To address this issue in the present work iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3-maghemite) nanoparticles (IONPs) were encapsulated within the matrix of (bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine)-methoxypolyethylene glycol-thiol (mPEG) polymer vesicles using a two-step process for active chemotherapeutic cargo loading in cancer theranostics. This formation method gives simple access to highly reactive surface groups present on IONPs together with good control over the vesicle size (50-100 nm). The simultaneous loading of a chemotherapeutic drug cargo (doxorubicin) and its in vitro release in cancer cells was achieved. The feasibility of controlled drug release under different pH conditions was demonstrated in the case of encapsulated doxorubicin molecules, showing the viability of the concept of stimulated drug delivery for magneto-chemotherapy. These polymer-magnetic nanocargoes (PMNCs) exhibit enhanced contrast properties that open potential applications for magnetic resonance imaging. These self-assembled magnetic polymersomes can be used as efficient multifunctional nanocarriers for combined therapy and imaging.

Multifunctional PEG-carboxylate copolymer coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical application

“…The main reason for that is probably the lack of a standardized protocol and, consequently, many aspects of the experimental conditions vary uncontrollably among the measuring locations. It is also known that the structure and chemical composition of magnetic nanoparticles and their coating and the viscosity of the suspending medium as well have a tremendous effect on the heat producing efficiency [47,[50][51][52]. The latter experiments is close to the estimated upper limit of safe human application of alternate magnetic fields known as the Brezovich criterion [39,49,53].…”

“…https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.122 parameters control the ratio of Brownian and Néel mechanisms in the process of magnetic relaxation and so by their optimization the SAR values can be maximized for a given nanoparticle dispersion. For example, Thorat and coworkers achieved SAR values at the level of 400 W/g, both for iron oxide[51] and La1-x-Srx-MnO3[47,52] nanoparticles at higher magnetic field strengths (~40 kA/m) by designing specific polymer coatings. Currently, the RADIOMAG COST action (TD1402) is working on the problems of experimental protocol unification in order to obtain reproducible results for identical nanoparticle systems at different laboratories.…”

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications

“…[18] Types of specific coating as well as diagnostic and therapeutic payloads highly depend on the end therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications which not only determine the nature of surface coatings and the final size of the MNPs, but also have a great impact on biokinetics and biodistribution of MNPs in the body. [4] In the matter of diagnostic applications, MNPs can serve as potential contrast agents for MRI, [19] as well as novel tracers for magnetic particle imaging (MPI). [20] Furthermore, MNPs enable a successful dual/three-modal imaging by serving as workhorses to load other imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET), [21] optical, [22] single photon emission tomography (SPECT), [23] computed tomography (CT), [24] and photoacoustic [25] imaging techniques.…”

Technobiology Paradigm in Nanomedicine: Treating Cancer with MagnetoElectric Nanoparticles

“…Here, it is worth reminding that it is imperative to release the drug off MENs to increase the drug bioactivity only after the drug-loaded MENs penetrate the cancer cells (76). In In summary, the above described three-step field-controlled process for targeted drug delivery and release, respectively, is illustrated in Fig.…”

“…MENs should not be confused with traditional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), e.g., superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) (74)(75)(76)(77) or other superparamagnetic and non-superparamagnetic ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanostructures used for targeted delivery or magnetic imaging (78)(79)(80)(81). Like MNPs,…”