Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) administration inhibited heterotopic ossification in rats

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of extraskeletal bone in non-osseous tissues. It is caused by an injury that stimulates abnormal tissue healing and regeneration, and inflammation is involved in this process. It is worth noting that macrophages are crucial mediators of inflammation. In this regard, abundant macrophages are recruited to the HO site and contribute to HO progression. Macrophages can acquire different functional phenotypes and promote mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenic differentiation, chondrogenic differentiation, and angiogenesis by expressing cytokines and other factors such as the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), activin A (Act A), oncostatin M (OSM), substance P (SP), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, macrophages significantly contribute to the hypoxic microenvironment, which primarily drives HO progression. Thus, these have led to an interest in the role of macrophages in HO by exploring whether HO is a “butterfly effect” event. Heterogeneous macrophages are regarded as the “butterflies” that drive a sequence of events and ultimately promote HO. In this review, we discuss how the recruitment of macrophages contributes to HO progression. In particular, we review the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages participate in MSC osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, and the hypoxic microenvironment. Understanding the diverse role of macrophages may unveil potential targets for the prevention and treatment of HO.

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Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) administration inhibited heterotopic ossification in rats

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Aminosilanized flower-structured superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coupled to 131I-labeled CC49 antibody for combined radionuclide and hyperthermia therapy of cancer

Aminosilanized flower-structured superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coupled to 131I-labeled CC49 antibody for combined radionuclide and hyperthermia therapy of cancer

Macrophages in heterotopic ossification: from mechanisms to therapy

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