Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Nerves

Konofaos, Petros; Soto-Miranda, Miguel A.; Halen, Jon Ver; Fleming, James C.

doi:10.1097/iop.0b013e318295fa09

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the present study, the distance of the SON to the midline was found as 2.60 ± 0.4 cm, and this is compatible with previous studies, which reported a range of 1.93 ± 0.21 to 3.2 cm (4,10,11,20,27). There was no difference between sexes, sides, or cadaver groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Topographic methods to expose the exiting points of supratrochlear,supraorbital, and zygomaticotemporal nerves

Tezer¹,

Gilan²,

Elvan³

et al. 2017

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: We evaluated the relations of the exiting points of supratrochlear (STN), supraorbital (SON), and zygomaticotemporal (ZTN) nerves with certain landmarks to provide improved anatomic knowledge. Materials and methods: The twenty-eight hemifaces of 5 fresh frozen and 11 embalmed heads (5 female and 11 male cadavers) were dissected. Distance and angular measurements were made between the exiting points of the nerves to the midline, lateral, and medial canthi. Comparisons of side, sex, and cadaver groups were evaluated.Results: Mean values were determined for all parameters. There was no difference between side measurements. There were significant differences between sexes and cadaver groups regarding STN and lateral canthus in both sides. The angle of the ZTN to the lateral canthus was found to be higher in embalmed cadavers than in fresh frozen ones.Conclusion: This study is the first to supply both distance and angular measurements to reach the exact locations of the nerves. Quantitative and topographic information about the localizations of the STN, SON, and ZTN is crucial for forehead lifting and migraine treatment, as well as for injection and local surgical interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Topographic methods to expose the exiting points of supratrochlear,supraorbital, and zygomaticotemporal nerves

Tezer¹,

Gilan²,

Elvan³

et al. 2017

Turk J Med Sci

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“…The supraorbital nerve usually exits via the supraorbital foramen in the medial orbital rim and then branches into medial and lateral branches. The medial branch crosses and runs superficially over frontal muscle to supply the forehead skin and anterior scalp as far as the vertex, whereas the lateral branch lateralizes, traveling on periosteum 1 cm medial and parallel to the temporal crest and enters the galea in the cranial portion of the forehead, providing sensitivity to the parietal region [101112]. When an anesthetic solution is injected, it is considered to have been injected into the subcutaneous space, but in most cases, an anesthetic solution is delivered after the inserted spinal needle touches bone, and thus, the anesthetic solution is injected into the periosteal space rather than the subcutaneous space, which causes a bleb-like cyst (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Pain Reduction during Headframe Fixation for Stereotactic Radiosurgery by the Preceded Local Anesthesia under the Needle Cap Guidance

Kim

Cho

Hur

et al. 2019

Brain Tumor Res Treat

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BackgroundGamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has become a major alternative in the neurosurgical field. However, many patients complained of considerable discomfort during the fixation of rigid headframe. This study investigated whether our modified procedure could reduce fixation-related pain.MethodsSixty-six patients who underwent GKRS were enrolled in this study. Thirty-one patients (Group A) underwent the conventional subcutaneous infiltration technique, and 35 patients (Group B) did the modified procedure. In group A, the headframe was held in position by an assistant, and local anesthetics were injected subcutaneously using a 23-gauge spinal needle at pinning sites. Subsequently, pins were applied according to measurements based on spinal needle depth. In group B, with the frame held in position by an assistant, pin sites were marked with a surgical pen under the guidance of needle cap placed on the pin holes. The head frame was then removed, and local anesthetics were injected subcutaneously and periosteally at each marked pin site using a 26-gauge needle. The headframe was then repositioned 5 minutes after local infiltration, and pins were applied according to measurements based on spinal needle depth. To evaluate pain severity during procedures, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded during local infiltration and frame placement with pins. The pain scores of the two groups were analyzed statistically.ResultsGroup B had a significantly lower VAS score during frame placement than group A (7.26 vs. 3.61; p<0.001), and mean VAS score at local infiltration was also significantly lower in group B (4.74 vs. 3.74; p=0.008).ConclusionPatients in group B experienced significantly less pain than those in group A during pin placement. Pre-fixation time advanced local anesthesia might reduce pain during stereotactic procedures, and the use of a 26-gauge needle appeared in less pain during local infiltration.

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“…Some anatomical studies have documented the exit point of the STN from the orbit, the relationship between the SON and STN, and the point at which these nerves enter the CSM, with a focus on clinical applications [ 12 , 21 , 23 , 24 ]. The present study revealed the branching patterns of the STN in the supraorbital area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, while it is quite easy to find surface landmarks to enable SON block, it is quite difficult to find appropriate surface landmarks to enable anesthetization of the STN, despite the numerous studies describing the morphology of that nerve. This has resulted in numerous unnecessary injections to induce STN anesthesia in the forehead skin, and when it is achieved; this anesthesia is less effective compared with SON block [ 12 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Only a few of the studies that have investigated the STN morphology have described its patterns of emergence from the orbit and its course through the CSM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic Relationship between the Supratrochlear Nerve and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle—Can This Anatomical Knowledge Improve the Response to Botulinum Toxin Injections in Chronic Migraine?

Lee

Choi

Won

et al. 2015

Toxins

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Chronic migraine has been related to the entrapment of the supratrochlear nerve within the corrugator supercilii muscle. Recently, research has shown that people who have undergone botulinum neurotoxin A injection in frontal regions reported disappearance or alleviation of their migraines. There have been numerous anatomical studies conducted on Caucasians revealing possible anatomical problems leading to migraine; on the other hand, relatively few anatomical studies have been conducted on Asians. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the topographic relationship between the supratrochlear nerve and corrugator supercilii muscle in the forehead that may be the cause of migraine. Fifty-eight hemifaces from Korean and Thai cadavers were used for this study. The supratrochlear nerve entered the corrugator supercilii muscle in every case. Type I, in which the supratrochlear nerve emerged separately from the supraorbital nerve at the medial one-third portion of the orbit, was observed in 69% (40/58) of cases. Type II, in which the supratrochlear nerve emerged from the orbit at the same location as the supraorbital nerve, was observed in 31% (18/58) of cases.

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Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Nerves

Abstract: The data presented in the current study are in agreement with previous anatomical studies. Both ST and SO nerves can be used as sensory nerve donors in the head and neck area for numerous expanding applications.

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Topographic methods to expose the exiting points of supratrochlear,supraorbital, and zygomaticotemporal nerves

Topographic methods to expose the exiting points of supratrochlear,supraorbital, and zygomaticotemporal nerves

The Effect of Pain Reduction during Headframe Fixation for Stereotactic Radiosurgery by the Preceded Local Anesthesia under the Needle Cap Guidance

Topographic Relationship between the Supratrochlear Nerve and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle—Can This Anatomical Knowledge Improve the Response to Botulinum Toxin Injections in Chronic Migraine?

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