Surface energy of liquid copper and single-crystal sapphire and the wetting behavior of copper on sapphire

Influence of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Oxygen Content on the Wettability in the Copper–Oxygen–Alumina System

“…All time-dependent effects observed in this work can be explained by failure to reach thermodynamic equilibrium between the gas phase and the copper melt (2). This is also true for contact angle measurements in the Cu-OAl 2 O 3 system with high p O 2 reported in the literature, [17][18][19] which explains the high contact angles reported there.…”

“…In the controlled p O 2 experiments, increasing p O 2 to 10 −12 bar or higher generally leads to a decrease of ␥ lv . 11,[15][16][17][18][19] A decrease in is commonly seen for p O 2 > 10 −6 bar.…”

Influence of oxygen on the joining between copper and aluminium nitride

“…The liquid-vapour surface tension strongly decreases with the pressure partial of oxygen but also with the dwell time at 1100 • C. This behaviour is usually observed in the literature. [8][9][10][11] By using in the Young-Dupre equation σ SL = σ SV − σ LV cos θ, the value of σ SL given by RHEE 12 and the value of σ LV computed above, we can calculate σ SV as 0.76 N m −1 at 1100 • C.…”

A robust algorithm for the simultaneous parameter estimation of interfacial tension and contact angle from sessile drop profiles

“…An understanding of the wetting behavior of a liquid on a substrate is useful during adsorption phenomena, crystallization processes, coating applications, drug discovery, and oil recovery [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The contact angle is a parameter that illustrates the wetting characteristic of a liquid on a substrate or medium.…”

“…Contact angle measurements are performed using the Wilhelmy plate method [8,9], capillary rise method [10], thin fibers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], a traditional goniometer with manual tangent placement, and the extraction of drop profile coordinates using a digital image. A manual contact goniometer is a simple and less sophisticated contact angle apparatus.…”