Surface States of (100) O-Terminated Diamond: Towards Other 1 × 1:O Reconstruction Models

Abstract

Diamond surface properties show a strong dependence on its chemical termination. Hydrogen-terminated and oxygen-terminated diamonds are the most studied terminations with many applications in the electronic and bioelectronic device field. One of the main techniques for the characterization of diamond surface terminations is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In this sense, the use of angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS) experiments allows obtaining depth-dependent information used here to evidence (100)-O-terminated diamond surface atomic configuration when fabricated by acid treatment. The results were used to compare the chemistry changes occurring during the oxidation process using a sublayer XPS intensity model. The formation of non-diamond carbon phases at the subsurface and higher oxygen contents were shown to result from the oxygenation treatment. A new (100) 1 × 1:O surface reconstruction model is proposed to explain the XPS quantification results of O-terminated diamond.

Studies on tuning surface electronic properties of hydrogenated diamond by oxygen functionalization

“…The decrease of CHx component and increase of oxidized carbon component confirm the simultaneous removal of surface hydrogen and reconstruction of diamond surface with oxygen during ozonation. Note that the estimated O concentration is found to be smaller for partial and fully ozonated diamond surface since the XPS spectra were recorded at the electron polar angle of =0 to the surface normal which probes more bulk properties than that of surface [15].…”

“…The OD surface can have variety of bonding states such as singly oxidized (C-O-H, C-O-C, C-O-O-C), doubly (C=O, O-C-O) oxidized or combination of them [14]. Though the ether C-O-C and ketone C=O bonds are mostly reported in experimental, the calculations indicate the hydroxyl C-OH and ketone C=O states are stable for high oxygen coverage on surface [12,[15][16][17]. Further, the surface electronic properties of functionalized diamonds are very sensitive to the nature of chemical bonding states.…”

“…The O-termination on diamonds is commonly achieved by various techniques such as oxygen plasma treatment, chemical oxidation under acid medium, anodic polarization in an alkaline electrolyte and UV ozone treatments [9,[12][13][14][15][16]. Among them, UV ozone treatment is a simple and an efficient method for O-termination of diamond and also, it has advantages of controlled oxidation only on the ozone exposed area.…”

Diamond for Electronics: Materials, Processing and Devices

“…However, due to the short energy distance among some of them and the wide oxygenation methods, there is still no wide agreement on the models of O-terminated surface. In this sense, the ARXPS detection and quantification of a reproducible carbon sp 2 surface contribution could provide a turn to the current vision of (100)-O-terminated reconstructions models [85].…”

Design of a Cryogenic Air-Free Sample Transfer System to Enable Volatile Materials Analysis with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

“…As an important technique of surface chemical analysis, nowadays X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been applied for identifying elemental species and chemical states of various solid materials in almost all conceivable fields of basic research and applied science. For example, applications range from fundamental research in chemistry, − condensed matter physics, , and material science, − to environmental research, , energy, − geology, biology, − and industrial applications, to even archeology …”