Surgical applications of femtosecond lasers

Chung, Samuel; Mazur, Eric

doi:10.1002/jbio.200910053

Cited by 235 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…This arises due to Q-switching instabilities in the cavity 20 , typically due to long (i.e.>1µs) upper state lifetimes of the gain media in solid state lasers 20 . These lasers are useful for applications where the pulse energy stored within the Q-switched envelope 20 is valuable, such as nonlinear frequency conversion 21 , medical applications 22 , and micromachining 23 . With the emerging trend in miniaturization of optical devices based on on-chip integration, the development of ultrafast lasers requires a complementary balance between device compactness and performance 13,14 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

15 GHz picosecond pulse generation from a monolithic waveguide laser with a graphene-film saturable output coupler

Mary¹,

Brown²,

Beecher³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

114

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We fabricate a saturable absorber mirror by coating a graphene film on an output coupler mirror. This is then used to obtain Q-switched mode-locking from a diode pumped linear cavity waveguide laser inscribed in Ytterbium-doped Bismuthate Glass, with high slope and optical conversion efficiencies. The laser produces mode-locked pulses at∼1039nm, with 1.5GHz repetition rate at an average 202mW output power. This performance is due to the combination of the graphene saturable absorber with the high quality laser glass.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

15 GHz picosecond pulse generation from a monolithic waveguide laser with a graphene-film saturable output coupler

Mary¹,

Brown²,

Beecher³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

114

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“…Semiconductor lasers, which do not require alignment, controlled vibration, or controlled humidity, would also facilitate laser biomaterials research efforts. 20 Finally, commercialization-related challenges must be taken into account; for example, laser-based fabrication must be cost competitive with conventional (e.g., machiningbased) approaches. Science continues to challenge the limits of material properties and capabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Femtosecond pulsed lasers are currently used for LASIK (cornea refractive surgery); in this procedure, the laser is used to ablate a portion of tissue known as a lenticule from the cornea. 20 In addition, it is being considered for treatment of presbyopia (age-related vision changes) and for use in keratoplasty (cornea plastic surgery). Femtosecond laser surgeries involve two different modes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser micro- and nanofabrication of biomaterials

Narayan

Goering

2011

MRS Bull.

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Over the past half century, rapid progress has been made in laser-based medical diagnosis and treatment as well as in laser-based medical device fabrication. Lasers have unique capabilities for coating, machining, melting, polymerizing, sintering, and welding materials that are used in implantable and transdermal medical devices. In this review, academic and industrial developments involving laser processing of materials for dental, orthopedic, neural, ophthalmic, cardiovascular, and transdermal applications are described. In addition, laser processing of nanoscale materials for medical applications is discussed. Finally, challenges associated with commercialization of laser biomaterials are considered. Due to the unique capabilities provided by laser-based processes, it is anticipated that the use of laser biomaterials in implantable and transdermal medical devices will markedly increase over the coming years.Roger Narayan, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , Raleigh , NC , USA ; roger_narayan@msn.com Peter Goering, Center for Devices and Radiological Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA ; peter.goering@fda.hhs. Edwards et al. described medical applications of free-electron lasers, which use light emitted by accelerated electrons. Infrared light emission from these lasers may be used for human neurosurgery, including treatment of metastatic brain tumors and ophthalmic surgery. 15 -19 They noted that use of a free-electron laser with 6.45 μ m emission for tissue ablation was correlated with minimal or undetectable collateral tissue damage. This wavelength is associated with brittle fracture at the commencement of explosive vaporization, mitigating damage to collateral tissues. Femtosecond pulsed lasers are currently used for LASIK (cornea refractive surgery); in this procedure, the laser is used to ablate a portion of tissue known as a lenticule from the cornea. 20 In addition, it is being considered for treatment of presbyopia (age-related vision changes) and for use in keratoplasty (cornea plastic surgery). Femtosecond laser surgeries involve two different modes. 21 Processing at low irradiance involves direct multiphoton interactions and free electron-induced chemical processes; at high irradiance, thermoelastic stresses may play signifi cant roles. Bashford described another use of lasers in medical therapy. In this approach, which is known as laser therapy, low intensity laser energy can be used to alter cellular function. This type of laser-tissue interaction may be used to treat neurological tissue, musculoskeletal tissue, and other soft tissues. 22 Laser processing of biomaterialsEfforts to examine laser-material interaction for biomedical device applications have largely paralleled efforts to examine laser-tissue interaction for clinical medical applications. Some of the earliest applications of lasers for processing synthetic biomaterials involved assessment of laser welding as an alternative to conventional investment soldering. As noted by Eliades e...

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“…However its clinical adoption has been mainly achieved for ophthalmic applications due to the lack of a means to flexibly deliver the laser light to clinical sites in or on the patient [3][4][5][6]. To overcome this main technological barrier, we focused our efforts, thus far, on the development of miniaturized fiber probes capable of femtosecond laser microsurgery combined with nonlinear optical imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 5-mm piezo-scanning fiber device for high speed ultrafast laser microsurgery

Ferhanoğlu

Yıldırım

Subramanian

et al. 2014

Biomedical Optics 2014

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Towards developing precise microsurgery tools for the clinic, we previously developed image-guided miniaturized devices using low repetition rate amplified ultrafast lasers for surgery. To improve the speed of tissue removal while reducing device diameter, here we present a new 5-mm diameter device that delivers high-repetition rate laser pulses for high speed ultrafast laser microsurgery. The device consists of an air-core photonic bandgap fiber (PBF) for the delivery of high energy pulses, a piezoelectric tube actuator for fiber scanning, and two aspheric lenses for focusing the light. Its inline optical architecture provides easy alignment and substantial size reduction to 5 mm diameter as compared to our previous MEMS-scanning devices while realizing improved intensity squared (two-photon) lateral and axial resolutions of 1.16 μm and 11.46 μm, respectively. Our study also sheds light on the maximum pulse energies that can be delivered through the air-core PBF and identifies cladding damage at the input facet of the fiber as the limiting factor. We have achieved a maximum energy delivery larger than 700 nJ at 92% coupling efficiency. An in depth analysis reveals how this value is greatly affected by possible slight misalignments of the beam during coupling and the measured small beam pointing fluctuations. In the absence of these imperfections, self-phase modulation becomes the limiting factor for the maximum energy delivery, setting the theoretical upper bound to near 2 μJ for a 1-m long, 7-μm, air-core PBF. Finally, the use of a 300 kHz repetition rate fiber laser enabled rapid ablation of 150 µm x 150 µm area within only 50 ms. Such ablation speeds can now allow the surgeons to translate the surgery device as fast as ~4 mm/s to continuously remove a thin layer of a 150 µm wide tissue. Thanks to a high optical transmission efficiency of the in-line optical architecture of the device and improved resolution, we could successfully perform ablation of scarred cheek pouch tissue, drilling through a thin slice. With further development, this device can serve as a precise and high speed ultrafast laser scalpel in the clinic.

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Surgical applications of femtosecond lasers

Cited by 235 publications

References 160 publications

15 GHz picosecond pulse generation from a monolithic waveguide laser with a graphene-film saturable output coupler

15 GHz picosecond pulse generation from a monolithic waveguide laser with a graphene-film saturable output coupler

Laser micro- and nanofabrication of biomaterials

A 5-mm piezo-scanning fiber device for high speed ultrafast laser microsurgery

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