Survey of Intestinal Pathogens from Immigrant Children

Thompson, R. G.; Hutchison, J. G. P.; Johnston, N. M.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5800.591

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A total of 16 articles report on parasitology—seven report on malaria [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ], four discuss helminth infections [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 59 ], and five focus on unspecified infections [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Intestinal parasites are common among AMC in the United States, Spain, and Australia [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Review of the Health of African Immigrant and Refugee Children

Salami

Fernández‐Sánchez

Fouché

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Migration is a growing phenomenon around the world, including within the African continent. Many migrants, especially African children, face challenges related to health and social inclusion and can face increased health risks. A systematic scoping review of available literature on the health of African migrant children across the globe was conducted to offer insight into these health risks. The review was conducted over a 15-month period from January 2019 to April 2020, yielding 6602 articles once duplicates were removed. This search included electronic databases, reference lists of articles reviewed, and searches of libraries of relevant organisations. A total of 187 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 159 were quantitative, 22 were qualitative, and 6 used mixed methods. The findings reveal decreased health in this population in areas of nutrition, infectious diseases, mental health, birth outcomes, sexual and reproductive health, physical and developmental health, parasitic infections, oral health, respiratory health, preventative health, endocrine disorders, health care services, and haematological conditions. The findings offer insights into factors influencing the health of African immigrant and refugee children. Further studies, especially qualitative studies, are needed to determine barriers to service access after migration and to investigate other underexplored and overlooked health concerns of African migrant children, including pneumonia and child maltreatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Review of the Health of African Immigrant and Refugee Children

Salami

Fernández‐Sánchez

Fouché

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Children of both sexes aged [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] years were examined at the school clinic and brought with them a faecal specimen. As part of the examination they were given a Heaf test, and they returned seven days later for the test to be read, by which time the results of faecal examination were available.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The treatment of these children, however, has proved virtually impossible because of the lack of satisfactory drugs (the worm species commonly found were not particularly sensitive to a single agent), because many of the immigrants lacked general practitioners to take over their treatment, and because a language barrier made adequate communication very hard. Attempts were made to organize a single treatment session at a hospital when results of the faecal examinations were known, but the outcome of any treatment remained completely unknown because few of the treated patients ever returned to the hospital clinic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic.

Hutchison¹,

Johnston²,

Plevey³

et al. 1975

BMJ

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“…Immigrants from low- to high-income countries meet a changed microbial environment, with profoundly reduced biodiversity. They tend to be dewormed with anti-helminthics, while access to modern sanitation and reduced contact with contaminated soil lessen the risk of reinfection [ 102 ]. Thus, they lose contact with the Old Friends, but they also encounter a barrage of psychosocial stressors and these too can cause striking immunoregulatory problems in the perinatal period.…”

Section: Perinatal Interactions Between Psychosocial and Microbial Famentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial ‘Old Friends’, immunoregulation and stress resilience

Rook

Lowry

2013

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

199

185

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Chronic inflammatory diseases (autoimmunity, allergy and inflammatory bowel diseases) are increasing in prevalence in urban communities in high-income countries. One important factor is reduced exposure to immunoregulation-inducing macro- and microorganisms and microbiota that accompanied mammalian evolution (the hygiene hypothesis or ‘Old Friends’ mechanism). Reduced exposure to these organisms predisposes to poor regulation of inflammation. But inflammation is equally relevant to psychiatric disorders. Inflammatory mediators modulate brain development, cognition and mood, and accompany low socioeconomic status and some cases of depression in developed countries. The risk of all these conditions (chronic inflammatory and psychiatric) is increased in urban versus rural communities, and increased in immigrants, particularly if they move from a low- to a high-income country during infancy, and often the prevalence increases further in second generation immigrants, suggesting that critical exposures modulating disease risk occur during pregnancy and infancy. Diminished exposure to immunoregulation-inducing Old Friends in the perinatal period may enhance the consequences of psychosocial stressors, which induce increased levels of inflammatory mediators, modulate the microbiota and increase the risk for developing all known psychiatric conditions. In later life, the detrimental effects of psychosocial stressors may be exaggerated when the stress occurs against a background of reduced immunoregulation, so that more inflammation (and therefore more psychiatric symptoms) result from any given level of psychosocial stress. This interaction between immunoregulatory deficits and psychosocial stressors may lead to reduced stress resilience in modern urban communities. This concept suggests novel interpretations of recent epidemiology, and novel approaches to the increasing burden of psychiatric disease.

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Survey of Intestinal Pathogens from Immigrant Children

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

A Scoping Review of the Health of African Immigrant and Refugee Children

A Scoping Review of the Health of African Immigrant and Refugee Children

Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic.

Microbial ‘Old Friends’, immunoregulation and stress resilience

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