Surveying the agrarian question (part 2): current debates and beyond

Emerging Class Relations in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam: A Network Analysis

“…The paper reconnects to what Akram‐Lohdi and Kay define as the ‘class forces agrarian question’, in so far as we provide an empirical, context‐specific method to identify the hybrid characteristics of the agrarian transition in a commune of Tra Vinh province (Harriss‐White et al. 2009; Akram‐Lohdi and Kay 2010, 266).…”

The limitations of community-based tourism as an instrument of development cooperation: the value of the Social Vocation of the Territory concept

“…but which in reality does not exist in pure form. We should, therefore, talk of levels of "peasantness", which can rise and fall depending on the context and the current strategy of the producer (Akram-Lodhi & Kay, 2010;Kervin, 1988;van der Ploeg, 2008;Sevilla Guzman, 2011). Throughout the paper, this dynamic concept of peasant shall be understood and used.…”

“…This is because peasants often take on non-traditional work not as a clever strategy in the face of an existing supply but as the result of a pressing need to obtain extra income within a politico-economic context which is increasingly aggressive towards the farming world and the rural economy. A progressive and increasingly accentuated crisis has hit the rural sector of countries of the south since the mid-twentieth century due to the belief that development and modernisation require a reduction in the role of the primary sector within the national economy, that agro-industry and its technology, heirs to the Green Revolution, are more efficient than the peasant system of production, and the acceptance of international trade rules imposed by the central countries to facilitate the export of their farming surpluses to the detriment of local production (Akram-Lodhi & Kay, 2010;Lappé, Collins, Rosset, & Esparza, 1998;Martínez-Alier, 2002;Patnaik, 2008;Rosset, Patel, & Couville, 2006;Shiva, 1993). In this context, temporary emigration may balance the domestic economy but in the medium and long term it impoverishes resources and systems.…”

Las grandes empresas agropecuarias en Argentina: los casos de Cresud y El Tejar

“…En tercer lugar, las fluctuaciones en las condiciones naturales en las que se desarrolla el proceso de trabajo -como lo es, por ejemplo, el caso del clima-implican un nivel de riesgo demasiado alto para los capitales normalmente concentrados (bernstein, 1994). Por estos motivos y teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones empíricas del tipo de capitales que se acumulan en la producción agraria, desde esta perspectiva se considera que históricamente la producción agraria se ha caracterizado por llevarse a cabo por medio de pequeños capitales, por lo general caracterizados como unidades de producción campesinas (AkramLodhi y Kay, 2010aKay, , 2010b. En pocas palabras, lo que se concluye de los análi-sis marxistas sobre la especificidad de la acumulación de capital en la producción agraria es que en esta rama de la producción no hay lugar para los capitales más concentrados de la economía.…”