Susceptibility of Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>Toxins

Skulberg, A.; Grande, Magne

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1967)96[67:sortsg]2.0.co;2

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The mortality pattern in rainbow trout is consistent with observations by Skulberg and Grande (1967), but is contrary to the findings of Cann and Taylor (1982), who observed no mortality in five rainbow trout orally administered 10,000 MLD of BoNT/E. Whether the fish regurgitated toxin after they were returned to the water was unknown (Cann and Taylor, 1982), but regurgitation could explain lack of mortality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Cann and Taylor (1982) also described signs similar to those seen here in their rainbow trout, while Skulberg and Grande (1967) reported that following death, rainbow trout exhibited abducted operculums and open mouths. Opercular abduction following death also was observed in the walleye and to a lesser degree the yellow perch in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Experimental exposure of freshwater fish to BoNT/E has been reported previously, but the doses administered, techniques of toxin administration, and experimental methodology varied greatly among studies (Skulberg and Grande, 1967;Cann and Taylor, 1982;Eklund et al, 2004). Thus, an easily replicated, standard methodological model for testing BoNT/E toxicity in fish such as reported here was needed to compare the sensitivities of various fish species to BoNT/E accurately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They had no explanation for the highest mortality occurring in rainbow trout administered the lowest BoNT/E dose. Furthermore, Skulberg and Grande (1967) reported that rainbow trout administered 160,000 and 120,000 MLD of BoNT/E took longer to die than ones administered 80,000 and 40,000 MLD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the role of fish as potential transport vectors of BoNT/E to birds has not been adequately investigated. Since the first experimental oral exposure of fish (rainbow trout) to BoNT/E (Skulberg and Grande, 1967), only two other fish species have been subjected to oral exposure: carp (Cyprinus carpo) (Haagsma, 1975) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (Eklund et al, 1982(Eklund et al, , 1984(Eklund et al, , 2004). There currently is no generally accepted protocol to test the relative sensitivity of various fish species to this toxin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Yule

Barker

Austin

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Since 1999, large-scale mortalities of fish-eating birds have been observed on the Great Lakes, and more specifically on Lake Erie. Type E botulism has been established as the primary cause of death. The mechanism of type E botulism exposure in fish-eating birds is unclear. Given that these birds are thought to eat live fish exclusively, it seems likely that their prey play a key role in the process, but the role of fish as potential transport vectors of botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) to birds has not been adequately investigated. Between June 2003 and April 2004 a methodological model for exposing fish to Clostridium botulinum was developed and used to compare the sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), round goby (Neogobius melanostomas), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to four doses (0, 800, 1,500, and 4,000 Mouse Lethal Doses) of Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin. Each fish species expressed unique changes in both behavior and skin pigmentation prior to death. Yellow perch survived significantly longer (P,0.05) than the three other species at all toxin treatments. Results of this study suggest that live fish can represent a significant vector for transfer of BoNT/E to birds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Yule

Barker

Austin

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Type E botulism in salmonids and conditions contributing to outbreaks

et al. 1984

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Sensitivity of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ) to Clostridium botulinum toxins

Lalitha

Gopakumar²

2001

Aquaculture Research

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The sensitivity of Oreochromis mossambicus to Clostridium botulinum toxin types A±E was investigated. All ®ve toxin types were toxic to O. mossambicus. In the case of toxin types A±D, O. mossambicus was considerably more resistant than mice and, in the case of type E toxin, ®sh were more sensitive. The minimum intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of type E toxin for ®sh was half the minimum lethal dose for mice. The results of the study suggest that good hygiene should be maintained in ®sh/shrimp farms to keep contamination at a low level.

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Susceptibility of Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, toClostridium botulinumToxins

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Type E botulism in salmonids and conditions contributing to outbreaks

Sensitivity of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ) to Clostridium botulinum toxins

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