Susceptibility of Retinal Vascular Endothelium to Infection with<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>Tachyzoites

Smith, Justine R.; Franc, Daniel; Carter, Nicola S.; Zamora, David O.; Planck, Stephen R.

doi:10.1167/iovs.03-1105

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Replication speed of the parasite seemed to affect its virulence [60] . Smith et al [62] found that retinal vascular endothelium cells have enhanced susceptibility to infection with T. gondii tachyzoites in comparison with aorta (55% more), umbilical vein (33%), and dermal endothelial cells (34% more), and tropism of different pathogens for particular cell types and/or specific tissue sites was a long-recognized biological phenomenon [62] . Free T. gondii tachyzoites had the ability to transmigrate a stimulated human retinal endothelium monolayer [63] .…”

Section: Vascular Endothelial Cells Are Susceptible To Infection Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Prandota

2017

Journal of Cardiology and Therapy

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Section: Vascular Endothelial Cells Are Susceptible To Infection Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Prandota

2017

Journal of Cardiology and Therapy

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“…Fasting increases PEPCK-C production and fatty acid release is restrained due to increased glyceroneogenesis and reesterification in triacylglycerols, which requires glycerol-3-phosphate formation from non-carbohydrate precursors [766]. tachyzoites to the retinal vascular endothelial surface, relative ease of penetration into the cell, rate of replication within the cell and/or cell response to infection, as compared with aortic (55% more), umbilical vein (33%) and dermal (34%) endothelial cells [786]. It appeared that growth of the tachyzoites was approximately 2.8-fold higher in retinal endothelium than in foreskin fibroblasts [786].…”

Section: T Gondii Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tachyzoites to the retinal vascular endothelial surface, relative ease of penetration into the cell, rate of replication within the cell and/or cell response to infection, as compared with aortic (55% more), umbilical vein (33%) and dermal (34%) endothelial cells [786]. It appeared that growth of the tachyzoites was approximately 2.8-fold higher in retinal endothelium than in foreskin fibroblasts [786]. Binding of the parasite to host cells is partially mediated by interaction with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).…”

Section: T Gondii Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T. gondii Infection Acquired during Pregnancy and/or after Birth may be Responsible for Development of both Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pr¹,

ota²

2013

J Diabetes Metab

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Recently, it was suggested that maternal T and potentially B cells transferred during pregnancy and/or the breast milk feeding and their encounter with the antigen in mesenteric lymph nodes might play a role in development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T. gondii infection during gestation and/or after birth may be responsible for development of both T1DM and T2DM in children, adolescents and adults because: a) maternal microchimerism in peripheral blood was demonstrated to be significantly higher in patients with T1DM compared to unaffected siblings and healthy subjects, b) transmission of T. gondii as a Trojan horse in various types of eukaryotic cells, including T and B lymphocytes, c) swallowing by the fetus of amniotic fluid containing infected leukocytes and other cells, d) elimination of T. gondii in the breast milk during lactation, e) involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes after oral infection with the parasite, and f) damage of the myenteric neurons during infection with the parasite in both the animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetic patients. Moreover, a significantly lower occurrence of antibodies against T. gondii found in the sera of patients with T1DM compared with their first-degree family members or healthy controls may be due to their T and/or B cell exhaustion perspective caused by chronic infection with the parasite. This suggestion may be supported by the finding that latent toxoplasmosis was associated with markedly reduced lymphocyte B-cell counts responsible for production of antibodies, markedly lower serum IgG, IgM, and IgA levels, and a significant suppression of IL-2. On the other hand, patients with T2DM had increased anti-T. gondii antibodies significantly more frequently than respective controls. Impaired vascular endothelial function characteristic for the patients with diabetes mellitus may be at least in part due to the preferential T. gondii infection of endothelial cells. Vitamin D and minocycline exerted beneficial effects on development and clinical course of diabetes mellitus probably because of their immunomodulatory and antitoxoplasmatic activities. These data strongly suggest that the parasite play an important role in development of both types of diabetes mellitus.

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“…They were able to demonstrate significant increase in the migration and proliferation of cultured human choroidal, but not retinal, ECs, in response to exogenous NGF, an effect that appeared to be mediated by phosphorylation of its receptor, TrkA, as well as signaling proteins Src, Akt and MAPK. Work from our laboratory has shown that cultured human retinal EC are preferentially susceptible to infection with T. gondii tachyzoites in comparison to human ECs from extraocular sites, including aortic ECs, human umbilical venous ECs and dermal ECs [39]. The human retinal endothelium is capable of binding tachyzoites in a modified Woodruff-Stamper assay [40], and the relative susceptibility of cultured human retinal ECs to infection reflects an enhanced parasite-host EC binding and penetration, at least in comparison to dermal ECs [41].…”

Section: Ocular Vascular Endothelial Hetero-geneity: Evidence From Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Vascular Endothelial Heterogeneity

Bhattacharjee¹,

Smith²

2009

VDP

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Endothelial cells form the lining of the vasculature. Despite the continuity of this layer throughout the body, endothelial cells exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in structure, molecular composition and activity: between sites; and in response to different exposures. One important consequence of endothelial diversity is the localized nature of many vascular disorders. To date a limited number of studies have attempted to define unique phenotypic features of the different intraocular endothelial subpopulations, which include the endothelial cells of vascular beds in the iris, the choroid and the retina. Differences that distinguish endothelial cells in the circulations of the choroid and the retina, in particular, are believed to be major etiological factors controlling the specific involvement of the two tissues in some of the most common blinding diseases. Age-related macular degeneration involves choroid, and diabetic retinopathy and posterior uveitis are primarily diseases of the retina. Development of effective targeted therapies for these ocular disorders will require a detailed understanding of the heterogeneity of ocular endothelia. Our review summarizes the existing literature relating to diversity of the ocular endothelial cells. We highlight structural, metabolic and functional characteristics that distinguish intraoocular endothelial subtypes from each other and from extraocular endothelial cells, and we consider the implications of these differences for the design of novel biological therapeutics for eye diseases.

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Susceptibility of Retinal Vascular Endothelium to Infection withToxoplasma gondiiTachyzoites

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

T. gondii Infection Acquired during Pregnancy and/or after Birth may be Responsible for Development of both Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ocular Vascular Endothelial Heterogeneity

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