Sweat iron concentration during 4-week exercise training

Abstract

Introduction. One possible way of iron loss is sweating. It is unclear how physical activity performed by untrained individuals affects the iron status in sweat. Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyse iron concentration in sweat during 4-week exercise training to determine the changes in iron excretion during follow-up exercises. Materials and method. 43 untrained volunteers participated in the study, 29 of whom completed the full exercise programme. The training programme consisted of exercises on a cycle ergometer and cross-trainer. In the first week, participants exercised for 8 minutes on each device, in the second for 10 minutes, and in the third and fourth weeks they exercised for 15 min on each device. Intensity was submaximal and defined as 85% of maximal heart rate. A sterile sweat patch was placed on the skin between shoulder blades. Results. Concentration of iron on the first and the fifteenth day of exercises was comparable and statistically insignificant. Iron concentration was highly increased on the last day of training in comparison with first (p<0.001) and fourteenth day (p<0.006). The median of iron concentration in 29 samples on the first day of sampling was 21.2 ppb, in the fifteenth -52.5 ppb, and on the twenty-eighth day -286.2 ppb. In relation with the sodium concentration, the iron content was also increased on the twenty-eighth day of the training programme (p<0.005). Conclusions. Iron sweat loss significantly increased during the 4-week exercise programme. A possible explanation may be improvement in the thermoregulation mechanism and secretory activity of sweat glands. Iron sweat loss may be an indicator of iron deficiency observed in active individuals.

Alginate Bead Biosystem for the Determination of Lactate in Sweat Using Image Analysis

“…Sweat is an aqueous solution that contains a great variety of compounds, such as NaCl, lactate [1], nitrogenous compounds (ammonia, urea and amino acids [2,3]), metal ions (e.g., zinc and iron [4,5]), heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury [6]), immune biomarkers (e.g., IgG, IgD and interleukin-1α [7]), cortisol and stress biomarkers [8], lactoferrin [9] and xenobiotics (e.g., drugs of abuse [10] and ethanol [11,12]). The main function of sweat is thermoregulation, leading to heat dissipation by water evaporation [1] in response to an increase in body core temperature.…”

Microsampling of biological fluids for elemental and isotopic analysis by ICP-MS: strategies and applications for disease diagnosis

“…Several research studies related to elemental analysis of sweat by ICP-MS address studies of elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements, comparing normothermic and hyperthermic conditions, or after physical exercise. 157,158 In other studies, the release of essential elements such as Fe 159 or Mg and P 160 has been investigated. Although a non-metal, a few words must be reserved for the quantification of chloride in sweat of new-borns by ICP-MS to detect cystic fibrosis, the commonest, inherited life-shortening condition of childhood.…”

Influence of iron supplementation on fatigue, mood states and sweating profiles of healthy non-anemic athletes during a training exercise: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study

“…Iron deficiency is frequent among endurance athletes with excessive training regimens [ [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. The majority of studies have shown an iron deficiency in athletes from a variety of sporting disciplines [ [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] ] that require a high level of fitness to sustain proficient, physical, and cognitive functions.…”

“…The mechanisms that cause iron loss during exercise are hemolysis due to mechanical forces and oxidative stress, gastrointestinal and urinary tract bleeding due to microscopic lesions, and extreme sweating, which can result in iron deficiency [ 13 ]. Sweat excretion from eccrine sweat glands is primarily a mechanism of thermoregulation but is also a way the body loses iron [ 9 , 27 ]. For instance, the daily sweat-related iron loss is estimated to be 1–2 mg per 2 h of exercise, equivalent to 1% and 3% of recommended daily intake of iron for women and men respectively [ 18 , [28] , [29] , [30] ].…”

“…In another double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [ 25 ], concluded that iron supplementation attenuates fatigue and improves indicators of iron status and emotional fatigue in female officers-in-training. A study examined the sweat iron losses among female recreational cyclists [ 29 ] and suggested iron supplementation may offset iron loss during prolonged exercise [ 9 ]. measured sweat iron concentration during a four-week exercise training program (both female and male) to determine the changes in iron excretion and suggested that it may be an indicator of iron deficiency observed among active individuals.…”