Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke

Kim, C.Maria; Eng, Janice J.

doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(02)00122-4

Cited by 259 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We can only speculate that spatial asymmetry would impose similar metabolic and mechanical costs. Previously, Kim & Eng [38] showed that temporal but not spatial gait symmetry was correlated with GRF symmetry in stroke patients, suggesting that imposed spatial asymmetry may be less expensive than observed for temporal asymmetry in the present study. However, both spatial and temporal asymmetry would probably require asymmetric CoM displacements and velocities (figure 3), which might require additional mechanical work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

2013

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Animals use both pendular and elastic mechanisms to minimize energy expenditure during terrestrial locomotion. Elastic gaits can be either bilaterally symmetric (e.g. run and trot) or asymmetric (e.g. skip, canter and gallop), yet only symmetric pendular gaits (e.g. walk) are observed in nature. Does minimizing metabolic and mechanical power constrain pendular gaits to temporal symmetry? We measured rates of metabolic energy expenditure and calculated mechanical power production while healthy humans walked symmetrically and asymmetrically at a range of step and stride times. We found that walking with a 42 per cent step time asymmetry required 80 per cent (2.5 W kg 21 ) more metabolic power than preferred symmetric gait. Positive mechanical power production increased by 64 per cent (approx. 0.24 W kg 21 ), paralleling the increases we observed in metabolic power. We found that when walking asymmetrically, subjects absorbed more power during double support than during symmetric walking and compensated by increasing power production during single support. Overall, we identify inherent metabolic and mechanical costs to gait asymmetry and find that symmetry is optimal in healthy human walking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

2013

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“…It may be related to the preferential use of the non-paretic leg during functional activities. For example, it is common that more weight is borne by the non-paretic leg during standing or walking activities in individuals with stroke [46,47]. A substantial proportion of our subjects also had low proximal femur BMD values when compared to the age and gender-matched population (Figure 2).…”

Section: Comparison With the Reference Populationmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The observed low fitness level reflects a sedentary lifestyle or decreased physical activity level, despite that all subjects are independent in ambulation. Reduced physical activity, when coupled with the preferential use of the non-paretic side for weightbearing [46,47], may explain the more compromised bone and muscle health status in the paretic leg when compared to the non-paretic leg.…”

Section: Influence Of Stroke-specific Impairmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduced hip bone mineral density is related to physical fitness and leg lean mass in ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke

et al. 2005

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Following a stroke, reduced level of physical activity and functional use of the paretic leg may lead to bone loss and muscle atrophy. These factors and the high incidence of falls may contribute to hip fractures in the stroke population. This study was the first to examine total proximal femur bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and their relationship to strokespecific impairments in ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke (onset >1 year). We utilized dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to acquire proximal femur and total body scans on 58 (23 women) community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. We report total proximal femur BMC (g) and BMD (g/cm 2 ) derived from the proximal femur scans, and lean mass (g) and fat mass (g) for each leg derived from the total body scans. Each subject was evaluated for ambulatory capacity (Six Minute Walk Test), knee extension strength (hand-held dynamometry), physical fitness [Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max)], and spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale). Results showed that the paretic leg had significantly lower proximal femur BMD, lean mass, and percent lean mass but higher fat mass than the non-paretic leg for both men and women. Proximal femur BMD of the paretic leg was significantly related to ambulatory capacity (r=0.33, p=0.011), muscle strength (r=0.39, p=0.002), physical fitness (r=0.57, p<0.001) but not related to spasticity (r= −0.23, p=0.080). Multiple regression analysis showed that lean mass in the paretic leg was a major predictor (R 2 =0.371, p<0.001) of the paretic proximal femur BMD. VO 2 max was a significant predictor of both paretic proximal femur BMD (R 2 =0.325, p<0.001) and lean mass in the paretic leg (R 2 =0.700, p<0.001). Further study is required to determine whether increasing physical fitness and lean mass is important to improve hip bone health in chronic stroke.

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“…A previous study that used the symmetry analyzing method (Kim & Eng, 2003;Robinson, Herzog, & Nigg, 1987) …”

Section: ) Simentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an 8-week Pilates Core Training on the Stability and Symmetry of the L-sit on Rings

Gil¹,

Yoo²,

Yoon³

2016

Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics

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Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke

Cited by 259 publications

References 14 publications

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

Reduced hip bone mineral density is related to physical fitness and leg lean mass in ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke

Effects of an 8-week Pilates Core Training on the Stability and Symmetry of the L-sit on Rings

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