Synergistic activity of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal against green mold in citrus fruit

Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Cinnamaldehyde Derivatives against Penicillium digitatum Causing Citrus Green Mold

“…is finding indicated that 4-methoxy CA could represent a new antifungal agent for inhibiting P. digitatum growth. Results of the current study are in agreement with the reports of QuYang et al [34] who noted that the cinnamaldehyde has strong antifungal activity against P. digitatum. In a different study, it was also noted that the incorporation of trans-cinnamaldehyde with poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) provides better performance as an edible film [35].…”

Unravelling the Antifungal Effect of Red Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris L.) Compounds in Vapor Phase

“…Similar findings were described between several fractions of Cymbopogon citratus , Ocimum gratissimum , and Thymus vulgaris essential oils rich in oxygenated terpenes and terpene hydrocarbons against P. expansum . The authors explained synergistic interactions by the mechanism of action against the fungi: terpene hydrocarbons, such as p-cymene, could facilitate the transmembrane transportation of oxygenated terpenes, such as thymol, citral, and carvacrol [ 20 ]. According to the review of Nazzaro et al (2017), thymol and p-cymene have multiple mechanisms of antifungal action, such as cell membrane disruption, inhibition of cell wall formation, inhibition of efflux pump, changes in mycelium morphology, and production of ROS and nitric oxide [ 39 ], whereas γ-terpinene is responsible for the protein and lipid leakage in fungi [ 40 ].…”

“…The recent work carried out by OuYang et al (2020) showed synergistic activity of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal in reducing the mycelium growth of P. digitatum by direct contact. The combination of these EOCs sped up the damage of the cell wall and the cell membrane [ 20 ]. It is interesting to note that the fractionation of the Cymbopogon citratus , Ocimum gratissimum , and Thymus vulgaris EOs highlighted synergistic activities among non-active fractions against P. expansum , probably caused by the interactions between oxygenated and terpene hydrocarbons [ 21 ].…”

Postharvest Technologies of Fresh Citrus Fruit: Advances and Recent Developments for the Loss Reduction during Handling and Storage

“…Several authors have reported the ability of aqueous or organic solvent extracts from different plants to control postharvest citrus decay thanks to their secondary metabolite contents, such as flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, ethanol, methyl salicylate, jasmonates, allicin and isothiocyanate [176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183]. Low doses of jasmonates (jasmonic acid and methyl), cinnamaldehyde [177][178][179][180], citronellal [178,181], garlic [182] and isothiocyanates [183] showed different effective antifungal activities against the major postharvest pathogens in citrus fruit, reducing the growth of P. digitatum (green mould), P. italicum (blue mould) and Galactomyces citri-aurantii (sour rot) in in vitro and/or in wound-inoculated fruit and/or in naturally infected fruit (Table 4). [177,192] Propolis proved effective in reducing green mould (P. digitatum) and blue mould (P. italicum) incidence in wound-inoculated fruit and naturally infected fruit [184].…”

“…Low doses of jasmonates (jasmonic acid and methyl), cinnamaldehyde [177][178][179][180], citronellal [178,181], garlic [182] and isothiocyanates [183] showed different effective antifungal activities against the major postharvest pathogens in citrus fruit, reducing the growth of P. digitatum (green mould), P. italicum (blue mould) and Galactomyces citri-aurantii (sour rot) in in vitro and/or in wound-inoculated fruit and/or in naturally infected fruit (Table 4). [177,192] Propolis proved effective in reducing green mould (P. digitatum) and blue mould (P. italicum) incidence in wound-inoculated fruit and naturally infected fruit [184].…”