Synergistic effect on anti‐methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusamong combinations of α‐mangostin‐rich extract, lawsone methyl ether and ampicillin

Abstract

Significance and impact of the study: The impact of this study is to overcome the problem on the treatment of MRSA using the antibacterial cocktails of α-mangostin-rich extract and lawsone methyl ether or each of them in combination with ampicillin. The significance of this study is an achievement of finding for the antibacterial cocktails prepared by a green technology that is practically used for commercialization.

Synergistic interactions between artocarpin-rich extract, lawsone methyl ether and ampicillin on anti-MRSA and their antibiofilm formation

“…Also, ARE (1Á95-7Á81 µg/ml) and LME (0Á49-1Á95 µg/ml) enhanced anti-MRSA activity of ampicillin (0Á49 µg/ml) against all four MRSA isolates, with the FICI values of 0Á039-0Á257 and 0Á016-0Á039, respectively. The result of synergistic anti-MRSA effect of LME and ampicillin agrees with the previous report by Meah et al (2020). The present study revealed two new combinations for anti-MRSA, i.e., ARE plus LME and ARE plus ampicillin.…”

“…Cell membrane disruption ability was determined using the crystal violet uptake assay and was confirmed with a determination of the release of 260 nm-absorbing materials, an indicator of bacterial membrane damage. A release of UV-absorbing material at 260 nm indicates the leakage of the intracellular components of MRSA (Meah et al 2020). Based on the crystal violet uptake assay, ARE, LME and ampicillin caused the alteration of cell membrane of MRSA by significantly increasing the crystal violet uptake in treated bacteria when compared to the negative control (Fig.…”

“…Thus, the ability of flavonoids to interact with cell membrane as well as their lipophilicity may play an important role in their antibacterial activity (Tarahovsky et al 2014). Recently, it has been reported that artocarpin (Septama and Panichayupakaranant 2018) and LME (Meah et al 2020) exhibit a significant effect in altering membrane permeability of Streptococcus mutans and MRSA, respectively, which led to cell lysis. Application of the drugs in combination may increase their biological activities due to the interaction of each compound.…”

“…Biofilm formation of MRSA is a key virulence factor for its resistance to various antibiotic treatments brought about by limiting the penetration of compounds through the matrix as well as protecting bacterial cells from antibiotics (Watkins et al 2012). LME and ampicillin have been reported to be an anti-virulence additive for the reduction of MRSA biofilm formation (Meah et al 2020). Similarly, artocarpin has been reported to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation (Brittan et al 2012;Walther et al 2015).…”

“…These organic solvents pose several challenges in the extraction of phytochemicals due to inherent toxicity, volatility and flammability (Zhou et al 2008). To obviate these limitations, a 'green extraction' has recently been applied for the development of commercialized herbal products (Meah and Panichayupakaranant 2020). The current research focuses on the preparation of artocarpin-rich A. heterophyllus extract (ARE) and LME based on the green extraction approach.…”