Synergy of microcapsule polysaccharides and Bacillus subtilis on the growth, immunity and resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus against Vibrio splendidus infection

Abstract

A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary supplements on the growth, immunity and resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus against Vibrio splendidus infection. The control group was supplied with blank microcapsules, and Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) microcapsules, tuckahoe polysaccharide (TPS) microcapsules, (APS ? TPS) microcapsules, (APS ? TPS) microcapsules ? Bacillus subtilis, were tested for effects. Coelomic fluid was collected at 7-day intervals to test activities of lysozyme (LSZ), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and complement 3 (C3) content. After the feeding trial, the specific growth rate of sea cucumbers fed a diet supplemented with (APS ? TPS) microcapsules ? B. subtilis was significantly increased (P \ 0.05); activities of LSZ, SOD, AKP and C3 content were significantly higher than in other groups (P \ 0.05). The challenge test showed that the cumulative mortality of sea cucumbers fed a diet supplemented with (APS ? TPS) microcapsules ? B. subtilis reduced significantly (P \ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary combinations of (APS ? TPS) microcapsules ? B. subtilis has a potential for use in diet formulations for sea cucumbers to significantly increase growth, immunity and disease resistance against V. splendidus infection.

Potential effects of dietary probiotics with Chinese herb polysaccharides on the growth performance, immunity, disease resistance, and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Comparing E 1 and E 2 , the highest values for final weight and SGR and the lowest for FCR were in the E 2 treatment, which indicates that APS enhanced the effect of probiotics for growth performance (Table 1) by promoting the absorption and utilization of nutrients as an adjuvant. This result was similar to that of Fan et al (2013) and Zhang et al (2010); Fan et al (2013) showed that APS and tuckahoe polysaccharides (TPS) enhanced the effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth, immunity, and resistance of Apostichopus japonicas while Zhang et al (2010) found that fructo‐oligosaccharides and B. subtilis exerted a synergistic effect on enhancing the immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumbers. The CP, CF, CA, and moisture content of fish in the E 2 treatment varied compared to those in the C 0 treatment (Table 2).…”

“…Similarly, the enhanced activities of the antioxidant enzymes have been demonstrated in the serum of Nile tilapia (Abarike et al, 2018) and common carp (Wang et al, 2017) that were fed a mixture of B. subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis . However, it was reported that polysaccharides from various traditional Chinese herbs exert an immune response both in vivo and in vitro (Ando et al, 2002; Bedir et al, 2000; Cui et al, 2003; Fan et al, 2013). In our study, the polysaccharides could have optimally eliminated ROS to maintain homeostatic balance, which is why higher enzyme activities were detected.…”

“…In the current intensive farming system, probiotics could be a breakthrough in the feed industry. Probiotics can reduce or replace the use of antibiotics and other drugs, which would not only improve feed conversion rate, but also enhance the activity of endogenous enzymes and the ability to resist external diseases based on the immune system and intestinal microbial balance (Meng et al, 2010; (Merrifield et al, 2010; Merrifield, Bradley, Baker, & Davies, 2010); Fan et al, 2013; Huang et al, 2017). Bacillus is one of the most widely used probiotics in aquaculture (Abarike et al, 2018; Dong et al, 2014).…”

“…However, few reports have evaluated the effect of B. coagulans and C. butyricum on the growth, immunity, and intestinal health of rainbow trout ( O. mykiss ). Many Chinese herbs, such as Astragalus membranaceus , have been used as immune boosters for nearly 2,000 years because of their considerable immunostimulatory effects (Bedir, Pugh, Calis, Pasco, & Khan, 2000; Chansue, Ponpornpisit, Endo, Sakai, & Satoshi, 2000; Jian & Wu, 2004; Tan & Vanitha, 2004), which could be attributed to their effective constituents, such as polysaccharides, phenols, sterols, and saponins (Fan et al, 2013; Liu, Lu, Zhang, Sun, & Bai, 2006). Several feeding trials have shown that polysaccharides exert significant immunostimulatory effects via various mechanisms (Jia, Cao, Xu, Jeney, & Yin, 2012; Yuan et al, 2008; Zahran, Risha, AbdelHamid, Mahgoub, & Ibrahim, 2014; Zhao, Hu, Wang, Liu, & Guo, 2013).…”

Multifaceted applications of probiotic Bacillus species in aquaculture with special reference to Bacillus subtilis

“…2012; Keysami & Mohammadpour 2013; Fan et al . 2013a). Besides, several other Bacillus species such as Bacillus aryabhattai (Tepaamorndech et al .…”