Synthesis and characterization of molecularly hybrid bisphenols derived from lignin and CNSL: Application in thermosetting resins

Bassett, Alexander W.; Breyta, Claire M.; Honnig, Amy E.; Reilly, Julia H.; Sweet, Kayla R.; Scala, John J. La; Stanzione, Joseph F.

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.015

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…High-purity lignin can be converted into various polymers such as surfactants, plasticizers, superabsorbent gels and hydrogels, coating, and stabilizing agents [41][42][43]. Lignin also has the potential to be utilized as raw material for nanofiber with antioxidant capacity, resins, and vanillin synthesis [16][17][18]. The compositional analysis of the glucan-rich fractions revealed that loss of lignin takes place during the precipitation and centrifugation steps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of High Purity Lignin and Digestible Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Low Acid-Catalyzed Organosolv Pretreatment

et al. 2020

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The lignocellulosic residue from the palm oil industry, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), represents a challenge to both producing industries and environment due to its disposal difficulties. Alternatively, OPEFB can be used for the production of valuable products if pretreatment methods, which overcome OPEFB recalcitrance and allow tailored valorization of all its carbohydrates and lignin, are developed. Specifically, high-value applications for lignin, to increase its contribution to the feasibility of lignocellulosic biorefineries, demand high-purity fractions. In this study, acid-catalyzed organosolv using ethanol as a solvent was used for the recovery of high-purity lignin and digestible cellulose. Factors including catalyst type and its concentration, temperature, retention time, and solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio were found to influence lignin purity and recovery. At the best conditions (0.07% H2SO4, 210 °C, 90 min, and S/L ratio of 1:10), a lignin purity and recovery of 70.6 ± 4.9% and 64.94 ± 1.09%, respectively, were obtained in addition to the glucan-rich fraction. The glucan-rich fraction showed 94.06 ± 4.71% digestibility within 18 h at an enzyme loading of 30 filter paper units (FPU) /g glucan. Therefore, ethanol organosolv can be used for fractionating OPEFB into three high-quality fractions (glucan, lignin, and hemicellulosic compounds) for further tailored biorefining using low acid concentrations. Especially, the use of ethanol opens the possibility for integration of 1st and 2nd generation ethanol benefiting from the separation of high-purity lignin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of High Purity Lignin and Digestible Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Low Acid-Catalyzed Organosolv Pretreatment

et al. 2020

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“…The molecular weight between cross‐links ( M c ) values of the thermoplastic copolymer loaded cured resins show a significant increase when compared to the cured neat resin as expected. This indicates that as the thermoplastic copolymer is loaded into the system, there is more free volume between the cross‐links and, subsequently, the T g lowers 45–46 . While the T g of the cured neat resin was higher, it was within error of the thermoplastic copolymer loaded cured resins indicating there was minimal impact of thermoplastic copolymer loading on T g .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This indicates that as the thermoplastic copolymer is loaded into the system, there is more free volume between the cross-links and, subsequently, the T g lowers. [45][46] While the T g of the cured neat resin was higher, it was within error of the thermoplastic copolymer loaded cured resins indicating there was minimal impact of thermoplastic copolymer loading on T g . There were no significant differences in the E 00 thermograms of the cured resins loaded with poly(GMA-co-MMA) or poly(VAEM-co-MMA).…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of Ipnsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers and their incorporation into a thermosetting resin

Sweet

Stanzione

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The customization of polymer networks can be made possible via dual-functional monomers, molecules characterized by two different reactive substituents that allow for versatile methods of polymerization. The dual-functional, epoxymethacrylate monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and vanillyl alcohol epoxy-methacrylate (VAEM), were polymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to form low molecular weight (~10-20 kDa) epoxy-functional thermoplastic copolymers, poly(VAEM-coMMA), and poly(GMA-coMMA). The copolymers were blended at 5 wt% into an epoxy resin system containing EPON Resin 828 and EPIKURE W Curing Agent and cured thermally to create unique interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The resulting IPNs were compared to the cured neat resin and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties, where maintained thermal properties and enhancements of stiffness and toughness were demonstrated.

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“…These Brazilian companies together process about 360,000 tons/year of cashew nuts that generate about 45,000 tons of CNSL/year. CNSL makes up approximately one-third of the total cashew nut weight, 7 obtained from Anacardium occidentale, popularly known as cashew tree. Despite being a byproduct of agribusiness, CNSL is a source of natural origin rich in non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids.…”

Section: Cnslmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The insulation thickness (L) is 5 cm, thermal conductivity (K) of 0:04 W=mK. So, to calculate the overall loss coefficient (U l Þ, equation 9, was used the manufacture's data together with the average radiation of 923 W=m 2 in the interval of 11 h to 13 h. To calculate the heat transfer coefficient (h), we apply equation (7) to the commercial surface, knowing that the area of the plate used was A P ¼ 0:0015 m 2 : Results obtained for the coefficients are presented in Table 4.…”

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and application of a selective coating for solar collectors from of the cashew nut shell liquid

Pinho

Freire

Araújo

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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Solar energy is the most promising energy source, due to its great availability and applicability in thermal energy applications. However, researchers still experience technological and economical challenge, since many systems that use this energy still have low efficiency and high cost. In this way, the development of new materials and technologies to increase the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is both a challenge and a necessity. In this context, the objective of this work is to obtain and analyze selective surfaces for solar thermal collectors, using cashew nut shell liquid. The cashew nut shell liquid can be classified as technical or natural, depending on the mode of extraction of cashew liquid. An experimental bench was built to simulate a flat plate solar collector under real operating conditions. For comparative purposes, the tests were performed between the cashew nut shell liquid and the commercial surface (MRTiNOX). In order to verify the structure morphology and the chemical composition of the surface, analyzes were performed by scanning electron microscopy. In order to identify the presence of components after the sintering process, the infrared analysis technique was used. To analyze the surface absorbance, the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy absorbance technique was used. With the tests in real conditions, it was possible to perform the temperature measurements, and later, with the energy balance, the absorptivity, emissivity, and efficiency were calculated. The technical cashew nut shell liquid presented efficiency of 42.86%, while the MRTiNOX, 41.8%. In contrast, natural cashew nut shell liquid obtained efficiency of 31.28%. Thus, the use of technical cashew nut shell liquid, a low-cost regional product, was presented as a viable and satisfactory solution for cost reduction in solar thermal collectors.

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Synthesis and characterization of molecularly hybrid bisphenols derived from lignin and CNSL: Application in thermosetting resins

Cited by 28 publications

References 55 publications

Recovery of High Purity Lignin and Digestible Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Low Acid-Catalyzed Organosolv Pretreatment

Recovery of High Purity Lignin and Digestible Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Low Acid-Catalyzed Organosolv Pretreatment

Epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers and their incorporation into a thermosetting resin

Characterization and application of a selective coating for solar collectors from of the cashew nut shell liquid

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