Synthesis and Characterization of β‐Cyclodextrin Nanosponge and Its Application for the Removal of p‐Nitrophenol from Water

Abstract

Synthesis and Characterization of b-CyclodextrinNanosponge and Its Application for the Removal of p-Nitrophenol from Water b-Cyclodextrin (b-CD)-based nanosponges (NSs) were synthesized by reacting b-CD with hexamethylenediisocyanate (HMDI) as the cross-linking agent. The effects of the reaction parameters, such as the b-CD/HMDI molar ratio, reaction temperature, and type of cross-linker, on the NS synthesis were systematically examined. The removal of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) from water by NSs was determined through adsorption experiments. The adsorption efficiency of the NSs synthesized at different temperatures did not change significantly, but the adsorption efficiency of the NSs was influenced by the HDMI concentration and cross-linker type. The characteristic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) bands showed that p-NP was adsorbed parallel to the surface of the NSs. The Langmuir model had the highest correlation coefficient for the adsorption of p-NP onto the NSs. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q°) and adsorption energy (b) for p-NP were estimated to be 1.0 mg g À1 and 1.837 L mg À1 , respectively. The NSs synthesized under the optimum conditions were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and laser diffraction particle size (LDPS) analysis. The combination of the results from SEM, TEM, and LDPS analysis indicated that the synthesized NSs had a porous, sponge-like, and rigid structure. The results of XRD and TGA also revealed the formation of b-CD-NSs.

Removal of Aromatic Chlorinated Pesticides from Aqueous Solution Using β-Cyclodextrin Polymers Decorated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

“…The NS–TCF thermogram shows weight loss at 185 °C, corresponding to the degradation of TCF. These results are in agreement with the literature, suggesting that encapsulation improves the thermal stability of the guests [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27].…”

“…Figure 2 shows the XRPD patterns of the pesticide-loaded NS. In both diffraction patterns, the characteristic peaks of the pesticide were reduced [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. It is also possible to confirm the lack of native NS and β-CD in the inclusion compound.…”

“…The NS reached saturation at low Ce levels (5 mM) with CPA and at even lower Ce levels (0.15 mM) with TCF. TCF is a larger adsorbate than CPA and, thus, is expected to show attenuated sorption due to steric effects and reduced inclusion site accessibility [20,21,22].…”

Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanosponges for Improving Solubility and Sustainable Release of Curcumin

“…CDNSs, based-on their nature, [9][10][11] have been used in different kinds of applications such as drug and oxygen delivery systems, [8] agriculture, cosmetic, catalyst support, water purification, and responsive hydrogels. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability in the pH of 1-11 and negligible toxicity of NSs rendered them as safe drug carriers. [23] To date, NSs have been used for delivery of various drugs such as Rilpivirine, [24,25] Rosuvastatin calcium, [26] Acyclovir, [27] Norfloxacin, [28] Anti-restenotic Agent DB103, [29] Doxorubicin and Captopril, [30] Efavirenz, [31] Nifedipine, [32] Camptothecin, [33] Paclitaxel [34] and Curcumin.…”

“…According to the type of CD, the crosslinker and the processing condition, CDNSs with various cavity sizes and polarity and crystallinity can be obtained. CDNSs, based‐on their nature, have been used in different kinds of applications such as drug and oxygen delivery systems, agriculture, cosmetic, catalyst support, water purification, and responsive hydrogels . Biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability in the pH of 1–11 and negligible toxicity of NSs rendered them as safe drug carriers .…”