Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Evaluation of Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Abstract:We report the synthesis of dextran-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (DIO-NPs) with spherical shape and uniform size distribution as well as their accumulation and toxic effects on Jurkat cells up to 72 h. The characterization of dextran-coated maghemite nanoparticles was done by X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering analyses, transmission electron microscopy imaging, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, magnetic hysteresis, and relaxometry measurements. The quantification of DIO-NPs intracellular uptake showed a progressive accumulation of iron as a function of time and dose accompanied by additional lysosome formation and an increasing darkening exhibited by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The cytotoxicity assays revealed a decrease of cell viability and a loss of membrane integrity in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Exposure to DIO-NPs determined an increase in reactive oxygen species level up to 72 h. In the first two days of exposure, the level of reduced glutathione decreased and the amount of malondyaldehyde increased, but at the end of the experiment, their concentrations returned to control values. These nanoparticles could be used as contrast agents for MRI but several parameters concerning their interaction with the cells should be taken into consideration for a safe utilization.

Evaluation of Toxicity and Neural Uptake In Vitro and In Vivo of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…An important criterion that must be taken into account is the stability of synthesized SPIO-NPs in biological fluids with their physiological pH. To solve this issue, SPIO-NPs must be coated with the biocompatible surfactants, which not only prevent SPIO-NPs from agglomeration, but also increase their biocompatibility [ 29 ]. Dextran-coated SPIO-NPs also have higher cellular uptake [ 29 ].…”

“…To solve this issue, SPIO-NPs must be coated with the biocompatible surfactants, which not only prevent SPIO-NPs from agglomeration, but also increase their biocompatibility [ 29 ]. Dextran-coated SPIO-NPs also have higher cellular uptake [ 29 ]. During MTT assay for in vitro cytotoxicity, the amount of formazan produced due to mitochondrial activity is directly proportional to the number of living or viable cells, as detected by a spectrophotometer with light absorption [ 30 ].…”

Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization: How to Improve Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization

“…de Oliveira et al 2017showed how the addition of dextran to iron-oxide NPs increased biocompatibility in zebrafish larvae; in particular, the treatment with dextran-coated NPs did not determine any significant mortality or changes in the hatching rate of the larvae. The toxicity of dextran modified ironoxide NPs was also investigated by Balas et al (2017) on Jurkat cells. The authors observed low toxicity and small effects on membrane integrity up to 72 h of incubation.…”

A Methodical Study to Unravel the Potential of using Polysaccharides based Organic Nanoparticles Versus Hybrid Nanoparticles for Pesticide Delivery

“…Furthermore, unlike conventional pesticide delivery, the use of nanocarrier can enhance the efficacy and protect the pesticide which is beneficial especially when pesticide with short-lifetime is to be used. 20 Diverse materials such as metal oxides, [21][22][23] SiO2, [24][25][26][27][28] graphene derivatives, [29][30][31] polymers, [32][33][34][35] polysaccharides, [36][37][38] nanocomposites, 39 etc. have been cast-off for the controlled release of pesticides.…”