The utilization of slow-release fertilizer materials
capable of
responding to their environment and releasing nutrient ions efficiently
over a prolonged period is an emerging research area in agricultural
materials sciences. In this study, two-dimensional layered materials
were prepared to release phosphor ions (P) slowly into the soil as
well as in the hydroponic system. Various P-intercalated layered double
hydroxides (LDHs) (Mg/Al, Zn/Al, and Mg-Zn/Al-LDHs) with a molar ratio
of 2:1 were synthesized using an ion-exchange method from corresponding
LDHs containing NO3
– ions within the
layers. Sodium alginate (SA) was used to encapsulate P-intercalated
Mg/Al-LDH to produce bionanocomposite beads (LB) to check the effect
of the biopolymer matrix on the release characteristics. The prepared
materials were characterized by XRD and FTIR to confirm the incorporation
of P in LDHs. TGA, SEM, and elemental analysis were also performed
to study the thermal decomposition pattern, surface morphology, and
chemical composition of synthesized materials. The P-release experiments
were conducted in a soil solution. The performance of the prepared
materials was investigated in soil as well as in a hydroponic system
for tomato plants under a controlled atmosphere of humidity, temperature,
and light. The fertilization ability of the prepared materials was
compared with that of a soluble P source (KH2PO4), commercial hydroponic fertilizer (Nutrifeed), and a commercial
soil slow-release fertilizer (Wonder plant starter). The prepared
materials demonstrated a slow release of P in the soil solution. P-intercalated
LDHs were not very effective under hydroponic conditions; however,
the LDHs were more effective in the soil system in terms of dry matter
production and P content in dry matter. Furthermore, LDHs were able
to increase the soil pH value over time.