Synthesis of biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate) networks with poly(propylene fumarate)–diacrylate macromers as crosslinking agents and characterization of their degradation products

He, Shulin; Timmer, Mark D.; Yaszemski, Michael J.; Yasko, Alan W.; Engel, Paul S.; Mikos, Antonios G.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00479-1

Cited by 194 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…PPF is an unsaturated linear polyester that can be crosslinked through carbon double bonds along its backbone 5,6 and degraded by simple hydrolysis of the ester bonds into nontoxic products of propylene glycol, poly(acrylic acid-co-fumaric acid), and fumaric acid. 7 Previous studies have also shown that the addition of ceramic components, such as b-tricalcium phosphate, to PPF enhanced both mechanical strength and osteoconductive properties of the scaffold. 8,9 To date, most PPF scaffolds have been fabricated from crosslinking in combination with the salt-leaching technique.…”

Section: Introduction Pmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds with Controlled Pore Structures Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Injection Molding

et al. 2006

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Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is an injectable, biodegradable polymer that has been used for fabricating preformed scaffolds in tissue engineering applications because of in situ crosslinking characteristics. Aiming for understanding the effects of pore structure parameters on bone tissue ingrowth, 3-dimensional (3D) PPF scaffolds with controlled pore architecture have been produced in this study from computer-aided design (CAD) models. We have created original scaffold models with 3 pore sizes (300, 600, and 900 lm) and randomly closed 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of total pores from the original models in 3 planes. PPF scaffolds were fabricated by a series steps involving 3D printing of support/build constructs, dissolving build materials, injecting PPF, and dissolving support materials. To investigate the effects of controlled pore size and interconnectivity on scaffolds, we compared the porosities between the models and PPF scaffolds fabricated thereby, examined pore morphologies in surface and cross-section using scanning electron microscopy, and measured permeability using the falling head conductivity test. The thermal properties of the resulting scaffolds as well as uncrosslinked PPF were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Average pore sizes and pore shapes of PPF scaffolds with 600-and 900-lm pores were similar to those of CAD models, but they depended on directions in those with 300-lm pores. Porosity and permeability of PPF scaffolds decreased as the number of closed pores in original models increased, particularly when the pore size was 300 lm as the result of low porosity and pore occlusion. These results show that 3D printing and injection molding technique can be applied to crosslinkable polymers to fabricate 3D porous scaffolds with controlled pore structures, porosity, and permeability using their CAD models.

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Section: Introduction Pmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds with Controlled Pore Structures Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Injection Molding

et al. 2006

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“…It is an unsaturated linear polyester that can be crosslinked through carbon-carbon double bonds along its backbone [26,27] and degraded through simple hydrolysis of the ester bonds into non-toxic products of propylene glycol, poly (acrylic acid-co-fumaric acid), and fumaric acid [28]. By controlling the molecular weight of PPF and the crosslinking density, the maximum compressive strength and modulus of crosslinked PPF can be over 10 and 100 MPa, respectively [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical properties and cellular responses to crosslinkable poly(propylene fumarate)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites

et al. 2008

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A series of crosslinkable nanocomposites has been developed using hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF). PPF/HA nanocomposites with four different weight fractions of HA nanoparticles have been characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. To assess surface chemistry of crosslinked PPF/HA nanocomposites, their hydrophilicity and capability of adsorbing proteins have been determined using static contact angle measurement and MicroBCA protein assay kit after incubation with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), respectively. In vitro cell studies have been performed using MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblast cells to investigate the ability of PPF/HA nanocomposites to support cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation after 1, 4, and 7 days. By adding HA nanoparticles to PPF, the mechanical properties of crosslinked PPF/ HA nanocomposites have not been increased due to the initially high modulus of crosslinked PPF. However, hydrophilicity and serum protein adsorption on the surface of nanocomposites have been significantly increased, resulting in enhanced cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation after 4 days of cell seeding. These results indicate that crosslinkable PPF/HA nanocomposites are useful for hard tissue replacement because of excellent mechanical strength and osteoconductivity.

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“…However, these materials exhibit insufficient mechanical strength to support bone regeneration. Other authors have extensively explored the use of the aliphatic cross-linked polyester poly(propylene fumarate) as a degradable scaffold for bone tissue engineering (He et al, 2001;Timmer et al, 2003). Homopolyalkyl fumarates have a skeleton composed of a linear structure of C-C, which reduces its biodegradability in comparison with polyesters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatibility and biodegradation of polyester and polyfumarate based-scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Cortizo

Molinuevo

Cortizo

2008

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric scaffolds have been recently introduced for tissue regeneration purpose. In the present study we aimed to develop polymeric-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. Two polyesters, poly-β-propiolactone (PBPL), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCPL) and two polyfumarates, polydiisopropyl fumarate (PDIPF), polydicyclohexyl fumarate (PDCF) were chosen to prepare films which can support osteoblastic growth. Scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle were used to characterize the matrices. Biodegradation studies were performed both in PBS buffer and using an in vitro macrophage degradation assay. Mouse calvaria-derived MC3T3E1 cells and UMR106 rat osteosarcoma cell lines were used to perform biocompatibility and cytotoxicity studies. The polyesters, the most hydrophilic polymers studied, showed a rougher and more porous surfaces than the polyfumarates. Under acellular conditions, only PBPL was degraded by hydrolytic mechanisms. However, macrophages performed an active degradation of all polymeric films. Osteoblasts developed well-defined actin fibres without evidence of cytotoxicity when growing on the films. The number of UMR106 osteoblasts that adhered to the PBPL-based film was higher than that of the cells attached to the PECL and polyfumarates (PDIPF and PDCF) matrices. Both UMR106 and MC3T3E1 osteoblastic lines showed protein levels comparable to control conditions, demonstrating that they grew well on all surfaces. However, UMR106 cells showed a significant increase in proliferation on polyester-derived scaffolds (PBPL and PECL). The alkaline phosphatase activity of UMR106, an osteoblastic marker, was significantly higher than that of control plastic dishes. MC3T3E1 cells expressed similar levels of this differentiation marker in all polymeric matrices. We found similar collagen protein content after 48 h culture of UMR106 cells on all surfaces. However, important differences were evident in the MC3T3E1 line. In conclusion, the synthetic polymeric-based scaffold we have developed and studied supports adhesion, growth and differentiation of two osteoblastic cell lines, suggesting that they could be useful in bone tissue regeneration.

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Synthesis of biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate) networks with poly(propylene fumarate)–diacrylate macromers as crosslinking agents and characterization of their degradation products

Cited by 194 publications

References 13 publications

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds with Controlled Pore Structures Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Injection Molding

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds with Controlled Pore Structures Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Injection Molding

Physical properties and cellular responses to crosslinkable poly(propylene fumarate)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites

Biocompatibility and biodegradation of polyester and polyfumarate based-scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

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