Abstract:The X-ray crystal and molecular structures of the three benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor ligands are presented and the electronic character of inverse agonist ligands is probed through molecular orbital calculations. Two of the ligands have a 6-benzylamino substituent: 6-benzylamino-p-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1, which is a high affinity antagonist with IC,, = 10 nM, and 6-benzylamino-P-carboline, 2, which is a moderate affinity inverse agonist with IC,, = 106 nM. The third compound, 3-ethoxy-P-carboline hydrochloride, 3, displays partial inverse agonist activity with an IC,, of 24 nM. Intermolecular interactions, including extensive hydrogen bonding involving both the pyridyl nitrogen atom and the indole N-H as well as n stacking of aromatic rings, are characteristic of P-carbolines and are found in these three structures. In addition, two of these compounds are protonated in the crystalline state, thereby providing a model for interactions in the absence of the 3-carboxylic acid ester function. Electronic calculations show that (1) the partial inverse agonist ligand has the highest charge on the N(2) atom and (2) high affinity P-carbolines possess two neighboring sites that have high electrostatic attraction for a hydrogen atom in an intermolecular interaction. These findings suggest that modifications to the 3-position side chain to enhance the charge on the pyridyl N atom and provide a hydrogen bond acceptor site will facilitate the development of partial inverse agonist ligands.Key words: P-carbolines, benzodiazepine receptor, crystallography, structure-activity relationships.RCsumC : Faisant appel B la diffraction des rayons X, on a dCterminC les structures cristallines et moltculaires de trois coordinats rCcepteurs de benzodiazkpine (BDZ) et on a CvaluC le caractbre Clectronique des coordinats agonistes inverses B I'aide de calculs d'orbitales molCculaires. Deux des coordinats portent un substituant 6-benzylamino, soit I'ester mCthylique de l'acide 6-benzylamino-P-carboline-3-carboxylique (I), un antagoniste de grande affinitt avec IC,, = 10 nM, et la 6-benzylamino-P-carbonlin (2), un agoniste inverse d'affinitC modCree avec ICSo = 106 nM. Le troisikme composC, le chlorhydrate de la 3-Cthoxy-6-carboline (3), prCsente une activitC agoniste inverse partielle avec IC,, = 24 nM. Les interactions intermolCculaires, comprenant des ponts hydrogbnes importants impliquant I'atome d'azote du pyridyle ainsi que le N-H de l'indole de m&me que I'empilement n des noyaux aromatiques, sont caractCristiques des P-carbolines et on les retrouve dans les trois structures. De plus, deux de ces composCs, protonCs 2 I'ttat cristallin, peuvent servir de modbles pour les interactions en l'absence de la fonction ester de l'acide 3-carboxylique. Les calculs Clectroniques montrent que (1) le coordinat avec une activitt agoniste inverse partielle porte la charge la plus importante sur I'atome N(2) et (2) que les P-carbolines de plus grande affinitC possbdent deux sites voisins qui ont une grande attraction Clect...