Synthesis, thermolysis, and sensitivities of HMX/NC energetic nanocomposites

Wang, Yi; Song, Xiaolan; Duan, Song; Li, Liang; An, Chongwei; Wang, Jingyu

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.043

Cited by 103 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In fact, the E K and ∆H of PETN were close to the values of raw nitrocellulose (NC) reported in Ref. 19. PETN and NC are both nitrate ester explosives.…”

Section: B Thermal Analysissupporting

confidence: 85%

“…This was confirmed in the study of decomposition of HMX/NC nanocomposites. 19 Therein, the signal of N 2 O clearly became stronger and the signal of CO 2 distinctly became weaker as the mass fraction of HMX increased. Note that HMX is also a nitroamine explosive, similar to CL-20.…”

Section: B Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In theory, an accidental explosion was initiated by the formation of hot spots, which were generated as the explosive charge was stimulated by an impact, friction, or a shock wave. 19 After they were initiated, the hot spots would grow and spread, which determined whether the charge would explode. The precursors to hot spots are the pores or voids embedded in the explosive charge.…”

Section: Sensitivitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermochemical properties of nanometer CL-20 and PETN fabricated using a mechanical milling method

Song

Wang

2018

AIP Advances

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2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), with mean sizes of 73.8 nm and 267.7 nm, respectively, were fabricated on a high-energy ball-mill. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to image the micron-scale morphology of nano-explosives, and the particle size distribution was calculated using the statistics of individual particle sizes obtained from the SEM images. Analyses, such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were also used to confirm whether the crystal phase, molecular structure, and surface elements changed after a long-term milling process. The results were as expected. Thermal analysis was performed at different heating rates. Parameters, such as the activation energy (ES), activation enthalpy (ΔH≠), activation free energy (ΔG≠), activation entropy (ΔS≠), and critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tb), were calculated to determine the decomposition courses of the explosives. Moreover, the thermal decomposition mechanisms of nano CL-20 and nano PETN were investigated using thermal-infrared spectrometry online (DSC-IR) analysis, by which their gas products were also detected. The results indicated that nano CL-20 decomposed to CO2 and N2O and that nano PETN decayed to NO2, which implied a remarkable difference between the decomposition mechanisms of the two explosives. In addition, the mechanical sensitivities of CL-20 and PETN were tested, and the results revealed that nano-explosives were more insensitive than raw ones, and the possible mechanism for this was discussed. Thermal sensitivity was also investigated with a 5 s bursting point test, from which the 5 s bursting point (T5s) and the activation of the deflagration were obtained.

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“…In fact, the E K and ∆H of PETN were close to the values of raw nitrocellulose (NC) reported in Ref. 19. PETN and NC are both nitrate ester explosives.…”

Section: B Thermal Analysissupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: B Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Sensitivitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermochemical properties of nanometer CL-20 and PETN fabricated using a mechanical milling method

Song

Wang

2018

AIP Advances

Self Cite

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“…The peak temperature (T p0 ), which is be obtained by Eq. (2), is the peak temperature when b is closed to zero [44]. Based on E a , A and T p0 , the activation enthalpy (DH ¼ 6 ), the activation entropy (DS ¼ 6 ), and the activation Gibbs free energy (DG ¼ 6 ) of the decomposition reaction of POGA can be gained according to Eq.…”

Section: Plasticizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azido‐terminated Hyperbranched Multi‐arm Copolymer as Energetic Macromolecular Plasticizer

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Azido‐terminated hyperbranched multi‐arm copolymer (POGA) with hyperbranched polyether core (PEHO‐c) and linear azido‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer arms (GAPA‐a) has been prepared. The structures of the polymers were characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, GPC and elemental analysis. The molecular weight of POGA was up to ca 17000 g mol−1, far higher than that of common plasticizers (200∼1000 g mol−1). The enthalpy of formation and high nitrogen content of POGA demonstrated its remarkable energy level, and low impact and friction sensitivities indicated its good safety performance in mechanical stimuli. The results of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, calculated from non‐isothermal DSC, denoted a fine thermal stability of POGA. Furthermore, the plasticizing effect of POGA, evaluated by plasticizer efficiency and viscosity, was superior to A3 but inferior to Bu‐NENA, however, its exudation was much slower than that of small molecular plasticizers, especially Bu‐NENA. Moreover, the plasticizing mechanism of POGA as energetic macromolecular plasticizer was established by analyzing its structure and performance characteristics.

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“…In order to improve the combat effect and safe performance of weapons, energetic materials with different particle sizes have been manufactured and used, because they may exhibit different chemical and physical properties. For the safety of energetic materials during manufacturing, storing and using process, much effort has been devoted to investigating the effects of energetic material particle size on thermal decomposition [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Particle sizes of energetic materials can influence the initiation process and thermal decomposition kinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size‐dependent Effect on Thermal Decomposition and Hazard Assessment of TKX‐50 under Adiabatic Condition

Wang

Chen

Jin

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The thermal decomposition of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) with three different particle sizes were studied under adiabatic condition by using accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The adiabatic experiment revealed that TKX‐50 had two decomposition stages. Based on the experimental results, the decomposition parameters including the thermal data and pressure data of three kinds of TKX‐50 were used as the hazard assessment indicators. The results revealed that the decomposition of TKX‐50 nanoparticles was the mildest among all of the samples in the first decomposition stage. In addition, the SADT of three kinds of TKX‐50 with different sizes were predicted when stored in the wooden cylinder, and the results showed that TKX‐50 milliparticles exhibited the best thermal stability.

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Synthesis, thermolysis, and sensitivities of HMX/NC energetic nanocomposites

Cited by 103 publications

References 33 publications

Thermochemical properties of nanometer CL-20 and PETN fabricated using a mechanical milling method

Thermochemical properties of nanometer CL-20 and PETN fabricated using a mechanical milling method

Azido‐terminated Hyperbranched Multi‐arm Copolymer as Energetic Macromolecular Plasticizer

Size‐dependent Effect on Thermal Decomposition and Hazard Assessment of TKX‐50 under Adiabatic Condition

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