Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy

Alexandrov, Sergey; Hillman, Timothy R.; Gutzler, Thomas; Sampson, David D.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.168102

Cited by 248 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Recently, it has been studied with the goal of breaking the diffraction limit in far-field optical imaging 67,68,[81][82][83] . The resolution is improved by measurements at many incident angles that enlarge the accessible range of spatial frequencies.…”

Section: Extraordinary Imaging Properties Of the Hyperbolic Metalensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

2012

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The resolution of conventional optical lens systems is always hampered by the diffraction limit. Recent developments in artificial metamaterials provide new avenues to build hyperlenses and metalenses that are able to image beyond the diffraction limit. Hyperlenses project super-resolution information to the far field through a magnification mechanism, whereas metalenses not only super-resolve subwavelength details but also enable optical Fourier transforms. Recently, there have been numerous designs for hyperlenses and metalenses, bringing fresh theoretical and experimental advances, though future directions and challenges remain to be overcome.O ptical microscopy has revolutionized many fields such as microelectronics, biology and medicine. However, the resolution of a conventional optical lens system is always limited by diffraction to about half the wavelength of light. This diffraction barrier arises from the fact that subwavelength information from an object is carried by high spatial-frequency evanescent waves, which only exist in the near field. To overcome this diffraction limit, pioneering work has been carried out, including near-field scanning microscopy 1 , as well as fluorescence-based imaging methods 2,3 . These scanning-or random sampling-based nonprojection techniques achieve super-resolving power by sacrificing imaging speed, making them uncompetitive for dynamic imaging.Lens-based projection imaging remains the best option for high-speed microscopy. Immersion techniques have been proposed to enhance resolution, but they are limited by the low refractive indices of natural materials 4 . Emerging within the last decade, the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials provide solutions for engineering extraordinary material properties not found in nature, such as negative index of refraction 5,6 or strongly anisotropic materials 7,8 . This has provided tremendous opportunities for novel lens designs with unprecedented resolution 9 . Initiated by Pendry's seminal concept of the perfect lens 10 , a number of superlenses were demonstrated with resolving powers beyond the diffraction limit [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . The optical superlens first achieved sub-diffraction-limited resolution by enhancing evanescent waves through a slab of silver 11 . As the evanescent-field enhancement is enabled by surface plasmon excitation, the subwavelength image is typically limited to the near field of the metal slab. However, the hyperlens-a metamaterial-based lens-can send super-resolution images into the far field by introducing a magnification mechanism. This has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for practical applications since its first demonstration in 2007 (refs 13,14). Recently, various other metamaterial-based lenses, that is, metalenses, have also been developed with both

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Section: Extraordinary Imaging Properties Of the Hyperbolic Metalensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

2012

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“…Thus, by scanning through different angles, many sections of Fourier space are captured. These can be stitched together with synthetic aperture approaches [41,42] to create a high-resolution image in real space. The caveat is that phase is required, which the Fourier ptychography algorithm [23,24] provides by performing translational diversity phase retrieval [43][44][45][46] in Fourier space.…”

Section: A Light Field Refocusing From Led Array Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D intensity and phase imaging from light field measurements in an LED array microscope

Tian¹,

Waller²

2015

Optica

411

289

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“…3(b) and (c)) of the sample can be retrieved using an appropriate phase retrieval algorithm [29]. These holograms measured with different illumination angles are then used to reconstruct the high-resolution 2-D quantitative phase map using synthetic aperture algorithm [27] and 3-D RI tomogram image of a sample employing optical diffraction tomography [24][25][26], which is explained in detail in the following section.…”

Section: Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3(d), we employed the synthetic aperture imaging algorithm [27]. The principle of the synthetic aperture algorithm is to numerically extend the aperture of an imaging system in order to achieve high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [30,31].…”

Section: Image Reconstruction Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measurement of a 3-D RI map provides the quantitative structural and biochemical information of phytoplankton including the dry mass, the volume, and the cytoplasmic density of phytoplankton. Furthermore, the measured set of multiple 2-D QPI images of phytoplankton recorded with various angles of illumination was also utilized for generating a high-resolution 2-D QPI image employing the synthetic aperture algorithm [27], which provides the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit determined by the numerical aperture (NA) of a used imaging system. The measured 2-D and 3-D quantitative phase images of phytoplankton and the parameters obtained clearly demonstrate the viability of the present method as a useful tool with unique advantages for the study of phytoplankton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution 3-D Refractive Index Tomography and 2-D Synthetic Aperture Imaging of Live Phytoplankton

Lee¹,

K²,

Mubarok³

et al. 2014

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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Optical measurements of the morphological and biochemical imaging of phytoplankton are presented. Employing quantitative phase imaging techniques, 3-D refractive index maps and high-resolution 2-D quantitative phase images of individual live phytoplankton are simultaneously obtained without exogenous labeling agents. In addition, biochemical information of individual phytoplankton including volume, mass, and density of individual phytoplankton are also quantitatively obtained from the measured refractive index distributions. We expect the present method to become a powerful tool for the study of phytoplankton.

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Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy

Cited by 248 publications

References 19 publications

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

3D intensity and phase imaging from light field measurements in an LED array microscope

High-Resolution 3-D Refractive Index Tomography and 2-D Synthetic Aperture Imaging of Live Phytoplankton

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