Synthetic Decanes as High-Antiknock Fuels

Abstract

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYand all of the metaphosphates were dissolved by ammonium citrate and by dilute acids.Analytical constants were imposed in making direct molybdenum oxide precipitations to determine the speed of PO, to PO4 transition in metaphosphate extracts.The factors of time, temperature, and initial Po4 content of dilute nitric acid extracts were studied to determine their influence upon transition of PO8 to PO1.Wide variations in the aqueous extractability of the metaphosphates were attributed to variant amounts of solidphase PO3 in excess of the proportion CaO: Pz06, in relation to silicophosphates which dissolve and hydrolyze to give HP03 and soluble silica. The progressive hydrolysis induced by this engendered acid of the extracts was determined.Within the range of 5 to 50 grams per liter, the more acidic types yielded practically complete solvency and stable solutions of proportionate PzO5 concentrations to extended aqueous extractions; but the less acidic products did not, the pH of their extracts increasing with charge, and no solute phosphates were present in the 50-gram per liter systems.When the inherent acidities of the solids were bolstered by the acidities of 0.05 and 0.1 N nitric acid extractions, the 50gram charges of all metaphosphates were almost completely dissolved into stable systems. Adequate acidity prevented the precipitation of iron and aluminum phosphates and thus maintained the stability of the metaphosphate extracts.Transitions of PO3 to Pod, which were very slow in aqueous and in dilute acid solutions at room temperature, tended to increase slightly with salt additions, and increased decidedly with increases in temperature and concentration of acid, other than H3P04.Quenching of the metaphosphate melts resulted in greater solubility, through hydration of the solids, and also accelerated the hydrolytic transitions in the extracts, especially for products of high soluble-silica content.Variations in the technic of drying the quenched melts caused varying degrees of hydration in the solid, altered the silica solubility, and governed the initial amount of PO4 in the aqueous extracts.The hygroscopic tendencies of finely ground metaphosphates were completely overcome by laboratory admixtures of three parts of limestone or of dolomite in moist atmosphere of two temperature ranges; and corresponding one-ton admixtures were in good condition after 3 months.Suspensions of soil, subsoil, ferric oxide, and aluminum oxide in both aqueous and ammonium citrate solutions of meta-and of orthocalcium phosphates registered decidedly greater absorptions of POa in every parallel system, for each PzOs concentration and pH value of the initial solution. Literature Cited

Oligo(amylene) from the reaction of fusel oil with zinc dihalide

“…38 The isoamylene could then react with the acidic Lewis acid complex (H-complex) to form cationic intermediates which would bring about polymerization. 39–41 The uncomplexed zinc dihalide could also polymerize the isoamylene since Antsus and Petrov made oligo(propene) by heating propene with zinc chloride under pressure. 42…”

“…The net caloric value of the triamylene fraction (43.96 kJ g À1 ) had $3% greater energy than the specications of the three petroleum reference fuels (42.8 kJ g À1 ). The cetane number of the triamylene (31.9) did not meet the cetane number criterion for D#2 (40) or the related kerosene A-1 (48). 49 However, the cetane number of the triamylene was almost double that of the ideal gasoline hydrocarbon 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (17.6).…”

“…38 The isoamylene could then react with the acidic Lewis acid complex (H-complex) to form cationic intermediates which would bring about polymerization. [39][40][41] The uncomplexed zinc dihalide could also polymerize the isoamylene since Antsus and Petrov made oligo(propene) by heating propene with zinc chloride under pressure. 42 Aer removing the crude product from the reaction mixture, the zinc bromide was only contaminated by a small quantity of higher boiling oligo(amylene).…”

Fuel and Oil for Motor Transport. Future Needs

“…This again is a job for chemistry and chemical engineering because such high-boiling knock-free hydrocarbons are not plentiful in nature. It will be of material assistance in reaching the required degree of freedom from knock if the high-boiling hydrocarbons prepared can be of those structures in which tetraethyllead is especially effective as a knock suppressor (7).…”

Activated Bauxite as Catalyst for Polymerization of C4Olefins

“…and has assumed commercial importance in the production of high octane gasoline (2, 6, 13,19,29), in the removal of isobutylene from the charge stock to dehydrogenation plants producing butadiene, in the production of high ntolecular weight polymers (38), and in the production of pure isobutylene by polymerization and subsequent depolymerization (28). Catalysts used for polymerization are sulfuric acid (2,27,29), anhydrous aluminum chloride (39,40), phosphoric acid (5,16,17,19,21), boron trifluoride (3), pyrophosphates, and synthetic silica alumina catalysts (1,8,22,36).…”