Systematic review of the relationship between the 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio and cigarette dependence

West, O. Clark; Hájek, Peter; McRobbie, Hayden

doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2341-1

Cited by 57 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Greater NMR was associated with a faster increase in anxiety but a slower increase in craving during early withdrawal. Greater NMR also was related to greater cigarette consumption and more severe withdrawal symptoms at follow-up assessments, which is consistent with prior research (West et al, 2011). Thus, the effect of the rate of nicotine metabolism on smoking cessation outcomes may be mediated by its impact on the rates of change of anxiety and craving during early withdrawal.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Greater ratios indicate faster clearance (St. Helen, Jacob, & Benowitz, 2013) and might be expected to associate with more prominent withdrawal symptoms. One study found that greater NMR is associated with greater craving 1 week postquit (Lerman et al, 2006), but this finding failed to replicate (West, Hajek, & McRobbie, 2011). In a study of adolescent light smokers, greater NMR was associated with more severe withdrawal symptoms following 24 hr of supervised abstinence (Rubinstein, Benowitz, Auerback, & Moscicki, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nicotine & tobacco research, Volume 16, Number 5 (May 2014) 615-620 investigation has examined the relationship between NMR and early withdrawal effects, which could help inform the utility of NMR-based treatments (West et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Clinical Significance of Early Smoking Withdrawal Effects and Their Relationships With Nicotine Metabolism: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study

Hendricks¹,

Delucchi²,

Benowitz³

et al. 2013

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Clinical Significance of Early Smoking Withdrawal Effects and Their Relationships With Nicotine Metabolism: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study

Hendricks¹,

Delucchi²,

Benowitz³

et al. 2013

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…The clinical correlations of the NMR have been examined in several studies (Malaiyandi et al, 2006). Although the NMR did not consistently correlate with nicotine dependence or cigarette consumption (for a review see (West et al, 2011)), it did correlate with withdrawal severity in adolescent smokers (Rubinstein et al, 2008) and higher craving in smokers using nicotine patch . A recent study suggested that the NMR might influence smoking behavior; smokers with higher NMR had greater puff volumes and increased levels of carcinogen biomarker (Strasser et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Nicotine Clearance is Associated with Greater Reward and Heart Rate Increases from Intravenous Nicotine

Sofuoglu

Herman

Nadim

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

103

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The ratio of nicotine metabolites (trans-3 0 -hydroxycotinine (3HC) to cotinine) correlates with nicotine clearance. In previous studies, high nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) predicted poor outcomes for smoking cessation treatment with nicotine patch. The underlying mechanisms that associate NMR with treatment outcomes have not been fully elucidated. A total of 100 smokers were divided into quartiles based on their baseline plasma NMR. Following overnight abstinence, smokers received saline followed by escalating intravenous doses of nicotine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/70 kg) given 30 min apart. The effects of nicotine on subjective, plasma cortisol, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures were obtained. Smokers in the first NMR quartile (slower metabolizers) had lower Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores, suggesting lower levels of dependence. In contrast, smokers in the fourth NMR quartile (faster metabolizers) reported greater craving for cigarettes following overnight abstinence from smoking and reported greater ratings of nicotine-induced good drug effects, drug liking, and wanting more drug. Higher NMR was also associated with greater heart rate increases in response to nicotine. These results suggest that enhanced nicotine reward and cigarette craving may contribute to the poor treatment response in smokers with high NMR. These findings warrant further investigation, especially in treatment-seeking smokers undergoing cessation treatment.

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“…The role of nicotine metabolites and corresponding metabolic ratios in various matrices, including oral fluid, as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, smoking cessation or to guide treatment of nicotine dependence has been thoroughly explored, as indicated in several studies and recent review papers [105][106][107][108][109][110]. Here, we will discuss studies that specifically evaluated the usefulness of nicotine metabolic ratios in oral fluid for CYP2A6 phenotyping.…”

Section: Oral Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

2015

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Interindividual variability in the expression and function of drug metabolizing cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzymes, determined by a combination of genetic, non-genetic and environmental parameters, is a major source of variable drug response. Phenotyping by administration of a selective enzyme substrate, followed by the determination of a specific phenotyping metric, is an appropriate approach to assess the in vivo activity of CYP450 enzymes, as it takes into account all influencing factors. A phenotyping protocol should be as simple and convenient as possible. Typically, phenotyping metrics are determined in traditional matrices, such as blood, plasma or urine. Several sampling strategies have been proposed as an alternative for these traditional sampling techniques.In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of available methods using dried blood spots, hair, oral fluid, exhaled breath and sweat for in vivo CYP450 phenotyping. We discuss the relation between phenotyping metrics measured in these samples and those in conventional matrices, along with the advantages and limitations of the alternative sampling techniques. Reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, are currently available for oral fluid, breath or dried blood spots, while additional studies are needed for other CYP450 isoforms, such as CYP3A4. The role of hair analysis for this purpose remains to be established. Being non-or minimally invasive, these sampling strategies provide convenient and patient-friendly alternatives for classical phenotyping procedures, which may contribute to the implementation of CYP450 phenotyping in clinical practice. 4 Key Points Phenotyping by administration of a selective probe drug, followed by determination of a specific phenotyping metric, allows to assess the in vivo enzyme activity of CYP450 enzymes, taking into account genetic, non-genetic and environmental influencing factors. In addition to classical sampling techniques, such as blood or urine collection, reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes are currently available for oral fluid, breath and dried blood spots.

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Systematic review of the relationship between the 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio and cigarette dependence

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

Clinical Significance of Early Smoking Withdrawal Effects and Their Relationships With Nicotine Metabolism: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study

Clinical Significance of Early Smoking Withdrawal Effects and Their Relationships With Nicotine Metabolism: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study

Rapid Nicotine Clearance is Associated with Greater Reward and Heart Rate Increases from Intravenous Nicotine

Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

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