Systematically Designed Periodic Electrophoretic Deposition for Decorating 3D Carbon-Based Scaffolds with Bioactive Nanoparticles

Abstract

The coating of porous scaffolds with nanoparticles is crucial in many applications, for example to generate scaffolds for catalysis or to make scaffolds bioactive. A standard and well-established method for coating surfaces with charged nanoparticles is electrophoresis, but when used on porous scaffolds, this method often leads to a blockage of the pores so that only the outermost layers of the scaffolds are coated. In this study, the electrophoretic coating process is monitored in situ and the kinetics of nanoparticle deposition are investigated. This concept can be extended to design a periodic electrophoretic deposition (PEPD) strategy, thus avoiding the typical blockage of surface pores. In the present work we demonstrate successful and homogeneous electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAn, diameter ≤200 nm) on a fibrous graphitic 3D structure (ultralightweight aerographite) using the PEPD strategy. The microfilaments of the resulting scaffold are covered with HAn both internally and on the surface. Furthermore, protein adsorption assays and cell proliferation assays were carried out and revealed that the HAn-decorated aerographite scaffolds are biocompatible. The HAn decoration of the scaffolds also significantly increases the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblast cells, showing that the scaffolds are able to promote their osteoblastic activity.

Carbon‐Based Materials for Articular Tissue Engineering: From Innovative Scaffolding Materials toward Engineered Living Carbon

“…The ZnO was further etched to produced aerographite or CNT tube (CNTT) structures. [13,130,136] An advantage of the template-assisted fabrication route is that it allows to retain the 3D microenvironment created by the template even after etching it away. The method does not suffer from the shrinkage phenomenon associated with pyrolysis, which yields collapse of the 3D microstructure beyond a critical dimensional limit.…”

Hydroxyapatite Growth on Poly(Dimethylsiloxane-Block-ε-Caprolactone)/Tricalcium Phosphate Coatings Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition

“…The use of these materials can be explained according to their ability to be re-absorbed or degraded after a certain time of being implanted without generating toxic products in the receptor organism, and they provide more controllability on physicochemical characteristics such as pore size, porosity, solubility, biocompatibility, enzymatic reactions, and allergic response (Yang et al, 2015;Clavijo et al, 2016;Ghassemi et al, 2018;Quiroga et al, 2018;Ghalayani Esfahani et al, 2019;Taale et al, 2019). In last years, various methodologies capable of developing these new materials have appeared, such as melt mixing (Pishbin et al, 2015), dissolution-leaching (Jordan et al, 2005), and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique (El-Ghannam, 2005;Cabanas-Polo and Boccaccini, 2015;Redondo et al, 2020), among others.…”

“…The development of bioresorbable and bioactive composites for tissue engineering applications is being investigated worldwide, and many approaches have been published by including combinations of resorbable homopolymers such as PLA, PLGA, and PCL, with HA, tricalcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO4) 2 , TCP), or bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics in different scaffold architectures (Duruncan and Brown, 2001;Ma et al, 2001;Yang et al, 2005;Ghassemi et al, 2018;Sungsee and Tanrattanakul, 2019). In the most usual approach, HA, TCP, and bioactive glass particles are combined with polymeric biodegradable substrates in order to obtain the desired scaffolds or coatings (Roether et al, 2002;Taale et al, 2019;Mondal et al, 2020;Shah Mohammadi et al, 2020).…”

Understanding Electrodeposition of Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Structures for Regeneration of Tubular-Shaped Tissues and Organs

“…These structural features are critical for tissue engineering, which is focused on materials able to biomimic structurally lost tissues and organs. EPD has been used to obtain multifunctional coatings exhibiting strong bonding ability to desired tissues, fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds, or make scaffolds bioactive [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The most widely used materials are natural polymers and macromolecules.…”